Buffering of mantle conditions through water cycling and thermal feedbacks maintains magmatism over geologic time
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The Earth has remained magmatically and volcanically active over its full geologic history despite continued planetary cooling and a lack of thermal equilibrium in the mantle. Here we investigate this conundrum using data-constrained numerical models of deep-water cycling and thermal history. We find that the homologous temperature - the ratio of upper mantle to melting temperatures - initially declined but has been buffered at a nearly constant value since 2.5-2.0 billion years ago. Melt buffering is a result of the dependence of melting temperature and mantle viscosity on both mantle temperature and water content. We show that thermal and water cycling feedbacks lead to a self-regulated mantle evolution, characterised by a near-constant mantle viscosity. This occurs even though the mantle remains far from thermal equilibrium. The added feedback from water-dependent melting allows magmatism to be co-buffered over geological time. Thus, we propose that coupled thermal and water cycling feedbacks have maintained melting on Earth and associated volcanic/magmatic activity.
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Seales, Johnny, Lenardic, Adrian and Richards, Mark. "Buffering of mantle conditions through water cycling and thermal feedbacks maintains magmatism over geologic time." Communications Earth & Environment, 3, (2022) Springer Nature: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00617-0.