Polarized solitons in higher-spin wave dark matter
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We first show that the effective nonrelativistic theory of gravitationally interacting, massive integer-spin fields (spin-0, 1, and 2 in particular) is described by a 2s+1 component Schrödinger-Poisson action, where s is the spin of the field. We then construct s+1 distinct, gravitationally supported solitons in this nonrelativistic theory from identically polarized plane waves. Such solitons are extremally polarized, with macroscopically large spin, but no orbital angular momentum. These s+1 solitons form a basis set, out of which partially polarized solitons can be constructed. All such solitons are ground states, have a spherically symmetric energy density but not field configurations. We discuss how solitons in higher-spin fields can be distinguished from scalar solitons, and potential gravitational and nongravitational probes of them.
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Jain, Mudit and Amin, Mustafa A.. "Polarized solitons in higher-spin wave dark matter." Physical Review D, 105, no. 5 (2022) American Physical Society: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.056019.