The EGS Collab project: Outcomes and lessons learned from hydraulic fracture stimulations in crystalline rock at 1.25 and 1.5 km depth

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dc.citation.articleNumber103178en_US
dc.citation.journalTitleGeothermicsen_US
dc.citation.volumeNumber126en_US
dc.contributor.authorKneafsey, Timen_US
dc.contributor.authorDobson, Paten_US
dc.contributor.authorBlankenship, Dougen_US
dc.contributor.authorSchwering, Paulen_US
dc.contributor.authorWhite, Marken_US
dc.contributor.authorMorris, Joseph P.en_US
dc.contributor.authorHuang, Lianjieen_US
dc.contributor.authorJohnson, Timen_US
dc.contributor.authorBurghardt, Jeffen_US
dc.contributor.authorMattson, Earlen_US
dc.contributor.authorNeupane, Ghanashyamen_US
dc.contributor.authorStrickland, Chrisen_US
dc.contributor.authorKnox, Hunteren_US
dc.contributor.authorVermuel, Vinceen_US
dc.contributor.authorAjo-Franklin, Jonathanen_US
dc.contributor.authorFu, Pengchengen_US
dc.contributor.authorRoggenthen, Williamen_US
dc.contributor.authorDoe, Tomen_US
dc.contributor.authorSchoenball, Martinen_US
dc.contributor.authorHopp, Cheten_US
dc.contributor.authorTribaldos, Verónica Rodríguezen_US
dc.contributor.authorIngraham, Mathewen_US
dc.contributor.authorGuglielmi, Yvesen_US
dc.contributor.authorUlrich, Craigen_US
dc.contributor.authorWood, Todden_US
dc.contributor.authorFrash, Lukeen_US
dc.contributor.authorPyatina, Tatianaen_US
dc.contributor.authorVandine, Georgeen_US
dc.contributor.authorSmith, Meganen_US
dc.contributor.authorHorne, Rolanden_US
dc.contributor.authorMcClure, Marken_US
dc.contributor.authorSingh, Ankushen_US
dc.contributor.authorWeers, Jonen_US
dc.contributor.authorRobertson, Michelleen_US
dc.date.accessioned2025-01-09T20:16:55Zen_US
dc.date.available2025-01-09T20:16:55Zen_US
dc.date.issued2025en_US
dc.description.abstractWith the goal of better understanding stimulation in crystalline rock for improving enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), the EGS Collab Project performed a series of stimulations and flow tests at 1.25 and 1.5 km depths. The tests were performed in two well-instrumented testbeds in the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, United States. The testbed for Experiment 1 at 1.5 km depth contained two open wells for injection and production and six instrumented monitoring wells surrounding the targeted stimulation zone. Four multi-step stimulation tests targeting hydraulic fracturing and nearly year-long ambient temperature and chilled water flow tests were performed in Experiment 1. The testbed for Experiments 2 and 3 was at 1.25 km depth and contained five open wells in an outwardly fanning five-spot pattern and two fans of well-instrumented monitoring wells surrounding the targeted stimulation zone. Experiment 2 targeted shear stimulation, and Experiment 3 targeted low-flow, high-flow, and oscillating pressure stimulation strategies. Hydraulic fracturing was successful in Experiments 1 and 3 in generating a connected system wherein injected water could be collected. However, the resulting flow was distributed dynamically, and not entirely collected at the anticipated production well. Thermal breakthrough was not observed in the production well, but that could have been masked by the Joule-Thomson effect. Shear stimulation in Experiment 2 did not occur – despite attempting to pressurize the fractures most likely to shear – because of the inability to inject water into a mostly-healed fracture, and the low shear-to-normal stress ratio. The EGS Collab experiments are described to provide a background for lessons learned on topics including induced seismicity, the correlation between seismicity and permeability, distributed and dynamic flow systems, thermoelastic and pressure effects, shear stimulation, local geology, thermal breakthrough, monitoring stimulation, grouting boreholes, modeling, and system management.en_US
dc.identifier.citationKneafsey, T., Dobson, P., Blankenship, D., Schwering, P., White, M., Morris, J. P., Huang, L., Johnson, T., Burghardt, J., Mattson, E., Neupane, G., Strickland, C., Knox, H., Vermuel, V., Ajo-Franklin, J., Fu, P., Roggenthen, W., Doe, T., Schoenball, M., … Robertson, M. (2025). The EGS Collab project: Outcomes and lessons learned from hydraulic fracture stimulations in crystalline rock at 1.25 and 1.5 km depth. Geothermics, 126, 103178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103178en_US
dc.identifier.digital1-s2-0-S0375650524002645-mainen_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103178en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1911/118088en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherElsevieren_US
dc.rightsExcept where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Permission to reuse, publish, or reproduce the work beyond the terms of the license or beyond the bounds of fair use or other exemptions to copyright law must be obtained from the copyright holder.en_US
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_US
dc.subject.keywordEnhanced geothermal systemsen_US
dc.subject.keywordEGS Collaben_US
dc.subject.keywordStimulationen_US
dc.subject.keywordCrystalline rocken_US
dc.subject.keywordSanford Underground Research Facilityen_US
dc.subject.keywordCoupled process modelingen_US
dc.subject.keywordExperimental, Field test, Flow testen_US
dc.titleThe EGS Collab project: Outcomes and lessons learned from hydraulic fracture stimulations in crystalline rock at 1.25 and 1.5 km depthen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.type.dcmiTexten_US
dc.type.publicationpublisher versionen_US
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