Faculty Publications
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This collection includes faculty journal articles deposited per Rice's Open Access Policy and additional faculty work. Items found in this collection can also be found in the authors' departmental faculty publication collections.
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Item Life's Path: The Good, the Bad, and the Just Plain There(11/16/2012) Klein, Anne CarolynItem Galvanomagnetic measurements of annealing in deformed aluminium(Wiley, 1974) Rau, C.Item A comment on McCaleb's “The size principle and collective-consumption payoffs to political coalitions”(Springer, 1975) Stoll, Richard J.Item Protestant Churchmen in the German Enlightenment--Mere Tools of Temporal Government?(Max Hueber Verlag, 1978) Stroup, John; Schade, Richard E.; Glenn, JerryItem Origin and Structure of the Quasi-Landau Resonances(American Physical Society, 1980) Castro, Jarbas C.; Zimmerman, Myron L.; Hulet, Randall G.; Kleppner, Daniel; Freeman, Richard R.Highly resolved spectra are presented which show how the low-magnetic-field energy-level structure of a single-electron atom gives rise to the quasi-Landau resonances as the field is increased. Data from the strong-mixing region where electric and magnetic forces are comparable reveal that evenly spaced energy levels are a general feature, irrespective of parity and magnetic quantum number of the states. The quasi-Landau resonances emerge by a concentration of oscillator strength into a single level of each term.Item Electron-Spin Polarization at Single-Crystalline Cr and Ni Surfaces Determined with Electron-Capture Spectroscopy(American Physical Society, 1981) Rau, C.; Eichner, S.The spin polarization P of electrons at Cr and Ni surfaces is measured with electron-capture spectroscopy. With use of one-electron capture at magnetized Cr(100)-c(2×2) surfaces at 293 K (TN=310 K), P values up to -18% are found revealing ferromagnetic order at this surface. Utilizing two-electron capture at demagnetized Ni surfaces we find at 293 K (TC=631 K) |P|=94% for Ni(110), |P|=72% for Ni(100), |P|=47% for Ni(111), and |P|=14% for Ni(120). There is evidence that "local" ferromagnetic order at Ni surfaces exists even at 2TC.Item Comparison of Measured and Calculated Antenna Patterns for the Islote Heater(1982) Gordon, W.E.; Dobelman, J.A.This report presents the comparison between calculated and measured values of the radiation pattern produced by the antenna array of the Arecibo HF heating facility, located 17 km and 32.6° NE of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. Provided are a calculated map of the pattern of the Islote heater for a fixed altitude at a frequency of 5.1 MHz, and a graphical cross section of the pattern through each major axis. The calculated map P(X,Y,h) is derived in an appendix. The calculations have been compared with antenna patterns measured in an aircraft on 28 September 1981 by Dr. Bodo Reinisch et. al. Their data consists of navigational and field strength measurements made on two receivers while the antenna array radiated a fixed power.Item Let the Researcher Beware: The Use of the Richardson Equations to Estimate the Parameters of a Dyadic Arms Acquisition Process(Midwest Political Science Association, 1982-02) Stoll, Richard J.Most attempts to untangle the factors accounting for arms acquisition by nation states rely implicitly or explicitly on the work of Lewis Richardson. However, very few findings from these investigations are durable;one study finds a particular nation state dyad to be involved in an arms race,while the next concludes that this same pair of nations is driven by factors internal to each. The question asked in this paper is: how likely is the true model of a dyadic arms acquisition process to emerge when the Richardson equations are used? This question is investigated by constructing two data sets representing the military capability of a pair of nations-one when an arms race is present and the other when each nation's acquisition of capability is driven by internal factors. These data are then used to estimate the Richardson equations. The conclusion is that in many situations, estimation of the Richardson equations may not uncover the true parameters of the process and may well lead to different conclusions about the same dyadic arms acquisition process.Item Major Power Interstate Conflict in the Post-World War II Era: An Increase, a Decrease, or No Change?(University of Utah, 1982-12) Stoll, Richard J.The second World War is often regarded as a watershed in world history. Observers have pointed to a number of changes in the global system that occurred after its conclusion: the emergence of bipolar system structure, along with new contenders for international leadership; the invention (and subsequent proliferation)of weapons of extreme power; and the explosion of new nation-states has created a truly global system. But have these changes been accompanied by changes in behavior between nation states? This paper will investigate one aspect of interstate behavior--military conflict involving the major powers--and ascertain whether the time period 1946-1976 was marked by a sharp change in the amount of this conflict, as compared to the period 1816-1945.Item X-ray laser implementation by means of a strong source of high-spin metastable atoms(American Physical Society, 1983) Helman, J.S.; Rau, C.; Bunge, C.F.High-spin metastable atomic beams of high density and extremely small divergence can be produced by electron capture during grazing-angle scattering of ion beams at ferromagnetic surfaces. This can be used to generate a long-lived reservoir of Li 1s2s2p P5204 with enough density of metastables so that after laser-induced transfer to Li 1s2p2P2 strong lasing at 207 Å should occur. This novel technique can also be used to produce a variety of other metastables known as potential candidates for lasing at shorter wavelengths.Item Rydberg Atoms in "Circular" States(American Physical Society, 1983) Hulet, Randall G.; Kleppner, DanielThe population of a beam of lithium atoms has been transferred from a low angular momentum Rydberg state to a state with |m|=n−1, with nearly 100% efficiency. Selective field ionization is employed to detect the high |m| state. Transfer occurs by a series of adiabatic rapid passages; it can also occur by a single multiphoton process.Item Comparisons of approximate bases for hydrogen in a magnetic field(American Physical Society, 1983) Zimmerman, Myron L.; Hulet, Randall G.; Kleppner, DanielSolutions to the diamagnetic Hamiltonian for Rydberg states of hydrogen are studied in the low-magnetic-field regime where term mixing can be ignored. Several recently proposed approximate bases are compared by calculating the overlap integrals with an accurate numerically generated basis.Item Nations at the Brink: A Computer Simulation of Governmental Behavior During Serious Disputes(Sage, 1983-06) Stoll, Richard J.During the period 1816-1975, major powers engaged in approximately 225 serious disputes (situations in which military force was threatened or actually used), but only about 12% of these disputes ended in war (Singer, 1979). What model can explain the governmental decision-making that goes on during disputes and account for the rather small percentage of these situations that end in large scale violence? The purpose of this article is to build and test a computer simulation of basic calculations made by governments during serious disputes, and to predict the individual threats and uses of force that they will undertake, including the ultimate act of going to war. To test the simulation, the actions of both Russia and Japan during a of disputes from 1~~~ to 1904 will be predicted. I begin by discussing the concept and operationalizations of the serious dispute and then turn to a description of the simulation. Finally, the disputes themselves, the modelﾒs predictions, and the fit of these predictions to the observed actions of the Russian and Japanese governments will be considered.Item The Idea of Theological Education at the University of Berlin: From Schleiermacher to Harnack(Fortress Press, 1984) Stroup, John; Henry, PatrickItem Bloc Concentration and the Balance of Power: The European Major Powers, 1824-1914(Sage, 1984-03) Stoll, Richard J.This article argues that a better trace of the operation of a balance of power system can be obtained if two dimensions, alliances and capabilities, are combined into a single measure of bloc concentration. After reviewing the basic features of a balance of power system to show why this is the case, such an index is constructed. Several patterns of bloc concentration consistent with the operation of a balance of power system are derived and examined, using data for the European major powers from 1824 through 1914, and for all the major powers from 1919 through 1965. The findings are consistent with the existence of a balance of power system in the earlier era and with a form of balancing behavior in the post-World War I era.Item The Guns of November: Presidential Reelections and the Use of Force, 1947-1982(Sage, 1984-06) Stoll, Richard J.A number of recent studies have investigated relationships between the presidential election cycle and the implementation of various policies. This article falls in this tradition, and asks whether a link exists between the reelection efforts of presidents, and the visible use of military force by the United States. After outlining why, and under what conditions, such a connection can be expected, a multivariate statistical model is tested for the time period 1947-1982. Despite the presence of several control variables, the results indicate that there is a connection, with fewer visible uses of force associated with presidential reelections in peacetime, and a slight increase in uses of force associated with presidential reelections during wartime.Item Inhibited Spontaneous Emission by a Rydberg Atom(American Physical Society, 1985) Hulet, Randall G.; Hilfer, Eric S.; Kleppner, DanielSpontaneous radiation by an atom in a Rydberg state has been inhibited by use of parallel conducting planes to eliminate the vacuum modes at the transition frequency. Spontaneous emission is observed to "turn off" abruptly at the cutoff frequency of the waveguidelike structure and the natural lifetime is measured to increase by a factor of at least 20.Item The Fiscal Impact of the U. S. Military Assistance Program, 1967-1976(University of Utah, 1985-03) Stein, Robert M.; Ishimatsu, Mark; Stoll, Richard J.The study of U.S. arms transfers and their impact on the fiscal decisions of aid recipients has been the subject of various interpretations and competing explanations. Absent in this literature has been a systematic testing of propositions derived from a general theory of aid impacts. A larger and somewhat related body of research has examined the political (Chaudhuri 1972; Hughes 1967; Gutteridge 1967) and general economic effects of domestic military spending (Deger and Smith 1983; Smith 1977, 1980; Benoit 1978; Kennedy 1974; Whynes 1979). These studies, however, have not examined the fiscal impact of foreign military assistance. To date only a few researchers have studied this issue in any systematic fashion (McGuire 1979, 1982; Wolf 1971). In this study we seek to fill this gap by applying grant economics theory (Pigou 1932; Oates 1972) to study the fiscal impact of U.S. military arms transfers on foreign nations. Drawing on the domestic aid literature (Oates 1972; Gramlich 1972), we identify a set of propositions concerning the expenditure decisions of domestic aid recipients, and test these propositions against the fiscal behavior of Military Assistance Program (MAP) recipients between 1967-1976. In addition to the substantive import of this question and its bearing on the implementation of U.S. foreign policy, this research provides a unique opportunity to test the applicability of domestic aid theory to the study of foreign aid policy.Item Observation of Quantum Jumps in a Single Atom(American Physical Society, 1986) Bergquist, J.C.; Hulet, Randall G.; Itano, Wayne M.; Wineland, D.J.We detect the radiatively driven electric quadrupole transition to the metastable D522 state in a single, laser-cooled Hg II ion by monitoring the abrupt cessation of the fluorescence signal from the laser-excited S122→P122 first resonance line. When the ion "jumps" back from the metastable D state to the ground S state, the S→P resonance fluorescence signal immediately returns. The statistical properties of the quantum jumps are investigated; for example, photon antibunching in the emission from the D state is observed with 100% efficiency.Item Ferromagnetic order at surfaces of ultrathin epitaxial fcc γ-Fe(111)p(11) films on Cu(111)(American Physical Society, 1986) Rau, C.; Schneider, C.; Xing, G.; Jamison, K.Electron-capture spectroscopy has been used to investigate long-ranged and short-ranged two-dimensional magnetic order at free (uncoated) surfaces of homogeneous (island-free), ultrathin fcc γ-Fe(111)(1×1) films pseudomorphically deposited on Cu(111) substrate crystals. At 298 K, the electron-spin polarization at the surface of a four-monolayer thin fcc Fe film amounts to +16%, directly revealing the existence of long-ranged ferromagnetic order. There is evidence that short-ranged ferromagnetic order still exists at 400 K at free surfaces of two and one-monolayer thin fcc Fe films.