R-3 Repository :: Browsing by Author "Oswald, Frederick L."

Browsing by Author "Oswald, Frederick L."

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A grammar of Belep
(2013-06-05) McCracken, Chelsea; Willis, Christina M.; Englebretson, Robert; Oswald, Frederick L.
This dissertation is a description of the grammar of Belep [yly], an Austronesian language variety spoken by about 1600 people in and around the Belep Isles in New Caledonia. The grammar begins with a summary of the cultural and linguistic background of Belep speakers, followed by chapters on Belep phonology and phonetics, morphology and word formation, nouns and the noun phrase, verbs and the verb group, basic clause structure, and clause combining. The phonemic inventory of Belep consists of 18 consonants and 10 vowels and is considerably smaller than that of the surrounding languages. This is due to the fact that Belep consonants do not contrast in aspiration and Belep vowels do not contrast in length, unlike in Belep’s closest relative Balade Nyelâyu. However, like-vowel hiatuses—sequences of heterosyllabic like vowels—are common in Belep, where the stress correlates of vowel length, intensity, and pitch do not generally coincide. Belep morphology is exclusively suffixing and fairly synthetic; it is characterized by a large disconnect between the phonological and the grammatical word and the existence of a number of proclitics and enclitics. Belep nouns fall into four noun classes, which are defined by their compatibility with the two available (alienable and inalienable) possessive constructions. Belep transitive verbs are divided into bound and free roots, while intransitive verbs are divided between those which require a nominative argument and those which require an absolutive argument. While the surrounding languages have a split-ergative argument structure, Belep has an unusual split-intransitive nominative-absolutive system, with the further complication that transitive subjects may be marked as genitive depending on the specificity of the absolutive argument. Belep case marking is accomplished through the use of cross-linguistically unusual ditropic clitics; clitics marking the function of a Belep noun phrase are phonologically bound to whatever element precedes the noun phrase. In general, Belep lacks true complementation, instead making use of coordinate structures with unique linkers as a complementation strategy.
A Meta-analysis of University STEM Summer Bridge Program Effectiveness
(The American Society for Cell Biology, 2021) Bradford, Brittany C.; Beier, Margaret E.; Oswald, Frederick L.
University science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) summer bridge programs provide incoming STEM university students additional course work and preparation before they begin their studies. These programs are designed to reduce attrition and increase the diversity of students pursuing STEM majors and STEM career paths. A meta-analysis of 16 STEM summer bridge programs was conducted. Results showed that program participation had a medium-sized effect on first-year overall grade point average (d = 0.34) and first-year university retention (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.747). Although this meta-analytic research reflects a limited amount of available quantitative academic data on summer STEM bridge programs, this study nonetheless provides important quantitative inroads into much-needed research on programs’ objective effectiveness. These results articulate the importance of thoughtful experimental design and how further research might guide STEM bridge program development to increase the success and retention of matriculating STEM students.
Adaptive Performance: The Role of Knowledge Structure Development
(2013-09-16) Upchurch, Christina; Villado, Anton J.; Beier, Margaret E.; Oswald, Frederick L.
The ability to successfully engage in adaptive performance is important due to the increasingly dynamic nature of work. The way individuals organize concepts within a performance domain (knowledge structures) has important implications for subsequent performance, including adaptive performance. Past literature has focused on the team knowledge structures and routine or overall performance. It is not evident whether changes in individuals’ knowledge structures after an adaptive performance episode will enhance or impair performance. The current study investigated knowledge structure change and its relationship with individual differences and performance outcomes. The sample contained 185 individuals from a private southern university. There was no evidence of relationships between individual differences or performance outcomes and knowledge structure change. However, the current study contributed to the literature by measuring knowledge structures multiple times and across routine and adaptive performance episodes. Study implications and the potential use of knowledge structures in training design are also discussed.
An acoustic analysis and cross-linguistics study of the phonemic inventory of Nez Perce
(2013-09-16) Nelson, Katherine; Niedzielski, Nancy; Willis, Christina M.; Oswald, Frederick L.
This dissertation is an acoustic description of the phonemic inventory of Nez Perce [nez], a Penutian language of the United States. Acoustic work has been conducted on the consonants of Nez Perce, but no acoustic work has been conducted on the vowels or vowel harmony system. This work begins with an overview of the dissertation, language situation, and previous research. Following the introduction are chapters on ejectives and plain obstruents, plain and glottalized sonorants, vowels, vowel harmony, and the conclusion. Nez Perce has both plain and ejective stop series, a plain and ejective affricate series, and a plain fricative series. I examine these segments for acoustic correlates comparing them to previous research, other languages and current theory. The ejectives are described with f0, intensity, jitter, burst amplitude and VOT. I discuss fricatives in terms of spectra, duration, formant transitions, and moments. The timing and realization of glottalization on glottalized and plain sonorants is investigated. Segments are measured for duration and are visually and aurally inspected for variation of glottalization, realized using pitch, laryngealization, glottal stops, or a combination of these features. It is nearly always realized on the sonorant rather than before or after. Vowels are plotted and compared to previous phonological descriptions. The inventory is /i, æ, a, o, u/ rather than the canonical five-vowel system, leading to the description of the inventory as having a “gap” and not maximally contrastive. I suggest that if Nez Perce vowels are considered using a shifted axis then the vowels are maximally contrastive. The non-canonical vowel inventory leads to two seeming unrelated vowel harmony sets: dominant, /i, a, o/, and recessive, /i, æ, u/. The proposed shifted axis view becomes important for reanalyzing the vowel harmony to reconcile these unusual sets. Previous analyses have described Nez Perce vowel harmony as based on advanced tongue root (ATR). I investigated Nez Perce vowels for ATR acoustic correlates; however, the results provide evidence both supporting and not supporting an ATR analysis. I propose an alternate analysis for the vowel harmony based on the principle of maximal contrast, evidenced by the shifted axis model.
An evidence-based, structured, expert approach to selecting essential indicators of primary care quality
(Public Library of Science, 2022) Hysong, Sylvia J.; Arredondo, Kelley; Hughes, Ashley M.; Lester, Houston F.; Oswald, Frederick L.; Petersen, Laura A.; Woodard, LeChauncy; Post, Edward; DePeralta, Shelly; Murphy, Daniel R.; McKnight, Jason; Nelson, Karin; Haidet, Paul
Background The purpose of this article is to illustrate the application of an evidence-based, structured performance measurement methodology to identify, prioritize, and (when appropriate) generate new measures of health care quality, using primary care as a case example. Primary health care is central to the health care system and health of the American public; thus, ensuring high quality is essential. Due to its complexity, ensuring high-quality primary care requires measurement frameworks that can assess the quality of the infrastructure, workforce configurations, and processes available. This paper describes the use of the Productivity Measurement and Enhancement System (ProMES) to compile a targeted set of such measures, prioritized according to their contribution and value to primary care. Methods We adapted ProMES to select and rank existing primary care measures according to value to the primary care clinic. Nine subject matter experts (SMEs) consisting of clinicians, hospital leaders and national policymakers participated in facilitated expert elicitation sessions to identify objectives of performance, corresponding measures, and priority rankings. Results The SMEs identified three fundamental objectives: access, patient-health care team partnerships, and technical quality. The SMEs also selected sixteen performance indicators from the 44 pre-vetted, currently existing measures from three different data sources for primary care. One indicator, Team 2-Day Post Discharge Contact Ratio, was selected as an indicator of both team partnerships and technical quality. Indicators were prioritized according to value using the contingency functions developed by the SMEs. Conclusion Our article provides an actionable guide to applying ProMES, which can be adapted to the needs of various industries, including measure selection and modification from existing data sources, and proposing new measures. Future work should address both logistical considerations (e.g., data capture, common data/programming language) and lingering measurement challenges, such as operationalizating measures to be meaningful and interpretable across health care settings.
Antecedents of Expatriates’ Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Expatriate Adjustment and Job Attitudes as Mediators and Cultural Similarity as the Moderator
(2014-04-21) Ercan, Seydahmet; Oswald, Frederick L.; Beier, Margaret E.; Smith, D. Brent; Villado, Anton J.
Expatriates are important parts of transnational companies’ (TNC) foreign subsidiary staffing programs because TNCs heavily rely on expatriates to achieve coordination/control and knowledge transfer in their subsidiaries (Boyacigiller, 1990; Tan & Mahoney, 2006). Thus, expatriates’ job performance is an important factor directly contributing to the success of a subsidiary. Although research has focused on the effects of various dispositional and situational characteristics, job attitudes, and cross-cultural adjustment on expatriates’ task performance (e.g., managerial behaviors, Black & Porter, 1991; the Big Five, Dalton & Wilson, 2000), it underexplored the effects of these variables on expatriates’ OCB performance. Therefore, I aimed to fill this research gap by exploring the effects of various distal (e.g., Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, POS) and proximal (e.g., job satisfaction, work adjustment, organizational commitment) antecedents on expatriates’ OCB performance. In addition, I investigated the possible mediating effects of expatriate adjustment and job attitudes and moderating effect of perceived similarity of host-county culture (i.e., cultural novelty) on the relationship between expatriates’ OCB performance and its antecedents. In the pilot study, I constructed the Cross-Cultural Work Similarity Scale, which measures the novelty of host-company work settings. In the main study, I explored the direct and indirect (through expatriate adjustment and job attitudes) effects of distal predictors on expatriates’ self- and coworker-rated OCBI (organizational citizenship behavior directed at individuals) and OCBO (organizational citizenship behavior directed at the organization) performance. First, the results showed that Agreeableness and collectivity orientation were important predictors of self-rated OCBI, whereas Conscientiousness was of self-rated OCBO; and interaction adjustment, host country language skills, and Agreeableness were important predictors of coworker-rated OCBI and Conscientiousness was of coworker-rated OCBO performance. Second, mediation analyses based on coworker-rated OCB data and isolated mediation analyses based on self-rated OCB data supported the partial mediation effects of expatriate adjustment. Third, the results did not support the possible moderating effect of cultural novelty. These findings highlighted the relative importance of dispositional characteristics (e.g., Agreeableness, Conscientiousness) and expatriate adjustment in predicting expatriates’ OCB performance. Furthermore, the result supported Ilies, Fulmer, Spitzmuller, and Johnson’s (2009) findings regarding the differential validity of personality predictors of OCBI and OCBO performance.
Assessing Adverse Impact: An Alternative to the Four-Fifths Rule
(2012-09-05) Ercan, Seydahmet; Oswald, Frederick L.; Beier, Margaret E.; Villado, Anton J.
The current study examines the behaviors of four adverse impact measurements: the 4/5ths rule, two tests of significance (ZD and ZIR), and a newly developed AI measurement (Lnadj). Upon the suggestion of the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program Manual about the sensitivity of the assessment of AI when the sample size is very large (Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs, 2002), Lnadj is a new statistic that has been developed and proposed as an alternative practical significance test to the 4/5ths rule. The results indicated that, unlike the 4/5ths rule and other tests for adverse impact, Lnadj is an index of practical significance that is less sensitive to differences across selection conditions that are not supposed to affect tests of adverse impact. Furthermore, Lnadj decreases Type I error rates when there is a small d value and Type II error rates when there is moderate to large d value.
Bayesian Probability and Statistics in Management Research: A New Horizon
(Sage, 2013-01) Zyphur, Michael J.; Oswald, Frederick L.
This special issue is focused on how a Bayesian approach to estimation, inference, and reasoning in organizational research might supplement—and in some cases supplant—traditional frequentist approaches. Bayesian methods are well suited to address the increasingly complex phenomena and problems faced by 21st-century researchers and organizations, where very complex data abound and the validity of knowledge and methods are often seen as contextually driven and constructed. Traditional modeling techniques and a frequentist view of probability and method are challenged by this new reality.
Chess Performance under Time Pressure: Evidence for the Slow Processes in Speed Chess
(2013-09-16) Chang, Yu-Hsuan; Lane, David M.; Oswald, Frederick L.; Dannemiller, James L.
An influential theory of chess skill holds that expertise in chess is not due to greater depth of search by experts but, rather, to the ability to recognize familiar patterns of pieces. Although there is evidence that experts search deeper than non-experts, the data are not consistent. In this thesis, I propose “key-position theory” which states that only in a small number of key positions is it necessary to search deeply and it is these positions that experts search deeper than non-experts. Study 1 found, consistent with key-position theory, that the distribution of moves times is extremely skewed with some moves taking much longer than others. This pattern was more pronounced for the stronger players. Study 2 found that the errors made by weaker players involved less search than the errors made by stronger players. These findings suggest that search is an important component of chess expertise.
Churning the tides of care: when nurse turnover makes waves in patient access to primary care
(Springer Nature, 2024) Arredondo, Kelley; Hughes, Ashley M.; Lester, Houston F.; Pham, Trang N.D.; Petersen, Laura A.; Woodard, LeChauncy; SoRelle, Richard; Jiang, Cheng (Rebecca); Oswald, Frederick L.; Murphy, Daniel R.; Touchett, Hilary N.; Hamer, Joshua; Hysong, Sylvia J.
Team-based primary care (PC) enhances the quality of and access to health care. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) implements team-based care through Patient Aligned Care Teams (PACTs), consisting of four core members: a primary care provider, registered nurse (RN) care manager, licensed vocational nurse, and scheduling clerk. RNs play a central role: they coordinate patient care, manage operational needs, and serve as a patient point of contact. Currently, it is not known how varying levels of RN staffing on primary care teams impact patient outcomes.
Cloud-based Meta-analysis to Bridge Science and Practice: Welcome to metaBUS
(Department of Management, School of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2015) Bosco, Frank A.; Steel, Piers; Oswald, Frederick L.; Uggerslev, Krista; Field, James G.
Although volumes have been written on spanning the science-practice gap in applied psychology, surprisingly few tangible components of that bridge have actually been constructed. We describe the metaBUS platform that addresses three challenges of one gap contributor: information overload. In particular, we describe challenges stemming from: (1) lack of access to research findings, (2) lack of an organizing map of topics studied, and (3) lack of interpretation guidelines for research findings. For each challenge, we show how metaBUS, which provides an advanced search and synthesis engine of currently more than 780,000 findings from 9,000 studies, can provide the building blocks needed to move beyond engineering design phase and toward construction, generating rapid, first-pass meta-analyses on virtually any topic to inform both research and practice. We provide an Internet link to access a preliminary version of the metaBUS interface and provide two brief demonstrations illustrating its functionality.
Conscientiousness in the Classroom: A Process Explanation
(Wiley, 2012-08) Corker, Katherine S.; Oswald, Frederick L.; Donnellan, M. Brent
Although the research literature has established that Conscientiousness predicts task performance across a variety of achievement contexts (e.g., Barrick & Mount, 1991; OﾒConnor & Paunonen, 2007), comparatively less is known about the processes that underlie these relations. To the latter end, the current research examines effortful strategies and achievement goals as mediating factors that might explain why people with higher levels of Conscientiousness are predicted to reach higher levels of academic performance. In a longitudinal study, 347 college students completed measures of personality and achievement goals at the beginning of the class, followed by measures of effortful strategies multiple times throughout the semester. Results support the hypothesis that effortful strategies mediate the association between Conscientiousness and academic performance. Moreover, the statistical effects of Conscientiousness were generally independent of achievement goals, but a small portion of the effect was mediated through approach, not avoidance, achievement goals. These results highlight the importance of examining mediating processes between personality and outcomes, and in the case of Conscientiousness, our results suggest that effortful strategies might serve as a useful target for performance-enhancing interventions. Intelligence and hard work are often viewed as two essential ingredients for success in achievement contexts such as school and work. Consistent with this intuition, there is a well-established literature focusing on the connections between intelligence and performance (e.g., Judge, Higgins, Thoresen, & Barrick, 1999; Schmidt & Hunter, 1998), and a more recent history of research has pointed to the importance of Conscientiousness as a predictor of job performance that is relatively independent of intelligence (e.g., Barrick & Mount, 1991; Judge et al.,1999; Judge, Klinger, Simon, & Yang, 2008; Noftle & Robins, 2007; Roberts, Kuncel, Shiner, Caspi, & Goldberg, 2007). Turning to the academic context, a recent meta-analysis found that Conscientiousness, in fact, was the only practically significant personality predictor of postsecondary performance (OﾒConnor & Paunonen, 2007). Additional research is now required to understand why Conscientiousness predicts outcomes by identifying and modeling the mediating mechanisms between Conscientiousness and academic performance outcomes. In the current study, we propose that Conscientiousness is related to the types of goals, study strategies, and work habits that in turn promote success in academic contexts. We test this proposed process-based explanation using longitudinal data collected from college students. Our perspective is informed by McAdams and Pals's (2006) integrative personality framework, which identifies three major levels of personality. The first level, dispositional traits, is probably the most dominant approach in contemporary personality psychology. This level captures ﾓbroad individual differences in behavior, thought, and feeling that account for general consistencies across situations and over timeﾔ (p. 212). The second level, characteristic adaptations, incorporates social-cognitive variables such as goals that are ﾓcontextualized in time, situations, and social rolesﾔ (p. 212). The third and most fine-grained level addresses life narratives, or the construction of life stories and the development of individual identities. Our investigation focuses on the first two levels, in that we use constructs from the achievement goal literature to help explain how Conscientiousness (a dispositional or trait construct) is linked with academic outcomes. Formulating process models that bridge these two levels provides an opportunity to develop a more integrative understanding by moving beyond the study of simple trait-to-outcome correlations in the domains of personality and educational research.
Deliberate Practice and Performance in Music, Games, Sports, Education, and Professions: A Meta-Analysis
(Sage, 2014) Macnamara, Brooke N.; Hambrick, David Z.; Oswald, Frederick L.
More than 20 years ago, researchers proposed that individual differences in performance in such domains as music, sports, and games largely reflect individual differences in amount of deliberate practice, which was defined as engagement in structured activities created specifically to improve performance in a domain. This view is a frequent topic of popular-science writing but is it supported by empirical evidence? To answer this question, we conducted a meta-analysis covering all major domains in which deliberate practice has been investigated. We found that deliberate practice explained 26% of the variance in performance for games, 21% for music, 18% for sports, 4% for education, and less than 1% for professions. We conclude that deliberate practice is important, but not as important as has been argued.
Development of a new measure of helping at work
(2010) Ramos, Katherine; Oswald, Frederick L.
In this thesis, helping behavior is defined as extra role behaviors that an employee performs voluntarily and contributes to organizational effectiveness such as improved productivity and co-worker performance (Organ, 1988). People who help others at work tend to experience increased job satisfaction, increased organizational commitment and decreased intentions to leave the job. Taking into consideration the benefits of helping outcomes to both employees and organizations, I developed six scales that measure helping using a multi-stage item-development procedure. Based on a theoretical model distinguishing emotional- and instrumental helping, a multidimensional measure could not be developed. In this study, however, empirical support was found for two helping scales and criteria of interest. Future directions and implications of this study are discussed.
Estimating Operational Validity Under Incidental Range Restriction: Some Important but Neglected Issues
(Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 2017) Brown, Reagan D.; Oswald, Frederick L.; Converse, Patrick D.
Operational validities are important to personnel selection research because they estimate how well a predictor in practical use correlates with a criterion construct, if the criterion measure were purged of measurement error variance. Because range restriction on a predictor or predictor composite creates incidental range restriction on the criterion, existing methodologies offer limited information and guidance for estimating operational validities. Although these effects of range restriction and criterion unreliability could be corrected with existing equations in a sequential fashion, proper use of sequential correction equations is not always as straightforward as it appears. This research reviews the existing equations for correcting validities, outlines the appropriate method for correcting validity coefficients via sequential equations, and proposes a new equation that performs a combined correction for the effects of incidental range restriction and criterion unreliability.
Facing facts about deliberate practice
(Frontiers Media, 2014) Hambrick, David Z.; Altmann, Erik M.; Oswald, Frederick L.; Meinz, Elizabeth J.; Gobet, Fernand
Impact of team configuration and team stability on primary care quality
(BioMed Central, 2019) Hysong, Sylvia J.; Amspoker, Amber B.; Hughes, Ashley M.; Woodard, Lechauncy; Oswald, Frederick L.; Petersen, Laura A.; Lester, Houston F.
Background: The science of effective teams is well documented; far less is known, however, about how specific team configurations may impact primary care team effectiveness. Further, teams experiencing frequent personnel changes (perhaps as a consequence of poor implementation) may have difficulty delivering effective, continuous, well-coordinated care. This study aims to examine the extent to which primary care clinics in the Veterans Health Administration have implemented team configurations consistent with recommendations based on the Patient-Centered Medical Home model and the extent to which adherence to said recommendations, team stability, and role stability impact healthcare quality. Specifically, we expect to find better clinical outcomes in teams that adhere to recommended team configurations, teams whose membership and configuration are more stable over time, and teams whose clinical manager role is more stable over time. Methods/design: We will employ a combination of social network analysis and multilevel modeling to conduct a database review of variables extracted from the Veterans Health Administration’s Team Assignments Report (TAR) (one of the largest, most diverse existing national samples of primary care teams (nteams > 7000)), as well as other employee and clinical data sources. To ensure the examination of appropriate clinical outcomes, we will enlist a team of subject matter experts to select a concise set of clear, prioritized primary care performance metrics. We will accomplish this using the Productivity Measurement and Enhancement System, an evidence-based methodology for developing and implementing performance measurement. Discussion: We are unaware of other studies of healthcare teams that consider team size, composition, and configuration longitudinally or with sample sizes of this magnitude. Results from this study can inform primary care team implementation policy and practice in both private- and public-sector clinics, such that teams are configured optimally, with adequate staffing, and the right mix of roles within the team.
Inhibitory control mechanisms and their role in task switching: A multi-methodological approach
(2013-05-13) Allen, Corinne; Martin, Randi C.; Schnur, Tatiana T.; Oswald, Frederick L.; Kemmer, Suzanne E.; Basak, Chandramallika
Executive control allows us to ignore distraction and switch between tasks in a flexible, yet organized fashion. While a hallmark of controlled behavior, distinctions among executive control processes are not thoroughly agreed upon. The present work explored the organization of two of these executive control processes, inhibition and shifting, and their relationship to each other. There were two primary goals. The first goal was to investigate the distinction among inhibitory control processes, as “inhibition” has oftentimes been considered a unitary construct. For example, there is evidence that response-distractor inhibition, which involves resolving interference from dominant responses or distractors in the external environment, is different from resistance to proactive interference (PI), which involves overcoming interference from previously relevant representations in memory. Using aging, neuropsychology, and individual differences methodologies, I investigated the unity and diversity of inhibitory control mechanisms. The healthy aging and neuropsychological evidence supported a distinction between response-distractor inhibition and resistance to proactive interference. However, when controlling for processing speed, the individual differences work suggested a need for further specification, as only a subset of these tasks emerged in the single factor model that provided the best fit to the data. The second goal was to explore how inhibitory control processes interact with task switching, as some theoretical accounts of task switching have suggested that switch costs result from the need to overcome interference from the previously relevant task. Inconsistent with these theories, I found little relation between inhibitory control and measures of global and local task switching, and instead, working memory served as the best predictor of these shifting measures. In contrast, inhibitory control was related to the backward inhibition abilities of older adults. These findings are discussed within a theory of working memory that accounts for the patterns of results found across the different methodologies.
Interpreting Multiple Linear Regression: A Guidebook of Variable Importance
(Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 2012-04) Nathans, Laura L.; Oswald, Frederick L.; Nimon, Kim
Multiple regression (MR) analyses are commonly employed in social science fields. It is also common for interpretation of results to typically reflect overreliance on beta weights (cf. Courville & Thompson, 2001; Nimon, Roberts, & Gavrilova, 2010; Zientek, Capraro, & Capraro, 2008), often resulting in very limited interpretations of variable importance. It appears that few researchers employ other methods to obtain a fuller understanding of what and how independent variables contribute to a regression equation. Thus, this paper presents a guidebook of variable importance measures that inform MR results, linking measures to a theoretical framework that demonstrates the complementary roles they play when interpreting regression findings. We also provide a data-driven example of how to publish MR results that demonstrates how to present a more complete picture of the contributions variables make to a regression equation. We end with several recommendations for practice regarding how to integrate multiple variable importance measures into MR analyses.
Is Cognitive Ability a Liability?: A Critique and Future Research Agenda on Skilled Performance
(American Psychological Association, 2012) Beier, Margaret E.; Oswald, Frederick L.
Over a century of psychological research provides strong and consistent support for the idea that cognitive ability correlates positively with success in tasks that people face in employment, education, and everyday life. Recent experimental research, however, has converged on a different and provocative conclusion, namely that lower-ability people can actually be more effective performers within special environments characterized by features such as time pressure, social evaluation and unpredictable task change. If this conclusion is true, it has extensive implications for practices such as personnel selection, training design, and teaching at all levels. The current paper re-examines and reinterprets this research within the context of well-established resource theories of cognitive processing and skill acquisition leading to a less provocative conclusion that serves to reiterate the benefits of cognitive ability for task performance. Following this re-examination, we conclude by providing a research agenda for examining the determinants of skilled performance in dynamic task environments, including: (a) broadening the range of abilities and task difficulties examined, (b) considering the role of non-ability traits and goals in skilled performance (e.g., personality, learning and performance goals), (c) investigating the processes (e.g., problem solving strategies) that people use in complex environments, (d) developing research designs and analytic strategies for examining adaptive performance, and (e) investigating how best to train for adaptive performance.

Browsing by Author "Oswald, Frederick L."

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