Magnetoelectrics for Implantable Bioelectronics: Progress to Date

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dc.citation.firstpage2953en_US
dc.citation.issueNumber20en_US
dc.citation.journalTitleAccounts of Chemical Researchen_US
dc.citation.lastpage2962en_US
dc.citation.volumeNumber57en_US
dc.contributor.authorAlrashdan, Fatimaen_US
dc.contributor.authorYang, Kaiyuanen_US
dc.contributor.authorRobinson, Jacob T.en_US
dc.contributor.orgApplied Physics Programen_US
dc.date.accessioned2024-10-29T14:11:23Zen_US
dc.date.available2024-10-29T14:11:23Zen_US
dc.date.issued2024en_US
dc.description.abstractConspectusThe coupling of magnetic and electric properties manifested in magnetoelectric (ME) materials has unlocked numerous possibilities for advancing technologies like energy harvesting, memory devices, and medical technologies. Due to this unique coupling, the magnetic properties of these materials can be tuned by an electric field; conversely, their electric polarization can be manipulated through a magnetic field.Over the past seven years, our lab work has focused on leveraging these materials to engineer implantable bioelectronics for various neuromodulation applications. One of the main challenges for bioelectronics is to design miniaturized solutions that can be delivered with minimally invasive procedures and yet can receive sufficient power to directly stimulate tissue or power electronics to perform functions like communication and sensing.Magnetoelectric coupling in ME materials is strongest when the driving field matches a mechanical resonant mode. However, miniaturized ME transducers typically have resonance frequencies >100 kHz, which is too high for direct neuromodulation as neurons only respond to low frequencies (typically <1 kHz). We discuss two approaches that have been proposed to overcome this frequency mismatch: operating off-resonance and rectification. The off-resonance approach is most common for magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) that typically have resonance frequencies in the gigahertz range. In vivo experiments on rat models have shown that MENPs could induce changes in neural activity upon excitation with <200 Hz magnetic fields. However, the neural response has latencies of several seconds due to the weak coupling in the off-resonance regime.To stimulate neural responses with millisecond precision, we developed methods to rectify the ME response so that we could drive the materials at their resonant frequency but still produce the slowly varying voltages needed for direct neural stimulation. The first version of the stimulator combined a ME transducer and analog electronics for rectification. To create even smaller solutions, we introduced the first magnetoelectric metamaterial (MNM) that exhibits self-rectification. Both designs have effectively induced neural modulation in rat models with less than 5 ms latency.Based on our experience with in vivo testing of the rectified ME stimulators, we found it challenging to deliver the precisely controlled therapy required for clinical applications, given the ME transducer’s sensitivity to the external transmitter alignment. To overcome this challenge, we developed the ME-BIT (MagnetoElectric BioImplanT), a digitally programmable stimulator that receives wireless power and data through the ME link.We further expanded the utility of this technology to neuromodulation applications that require high stimulation thresholds by introducing the DOT (Digitally programmable Overbrain Therapeutic). The DOT has voltage compliance up to 14.5 V. We have demonstrated the efficacy of these designs through various in vivo studies for applications like peripheral nerve stimulation and epidural cortical stimulation.To further improve these systems to be adaptive and enable a network of coordinated devices, we developed a bidirectional communication system to transmit data to and from the implant. To enable even greater miniaturization, we developed a way to use the same ME transducer for wireless power and data communication by developing the first ME backscatter communication protocol.en_US
dc.identifier.citationAlrashdan, F., Yang, K., & Robinson, J. T. (2024). Magnetoelectrics for Implantable Bioelectronics: Progress to Date. Accounts of Chemical Research, 57(20), 2953–2962. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00307en_US
dc.identifier.digitalalrashdan-et-al-2024en_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00307en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1911/117960en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherAmerican Chemical Societyen_US
dc.rightsExcept where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Permission to reuse, publish, or reproduce the work beyond the terms of the license or beyond the bounds of fair use or other exemptions to copyright law must be obtained from the copyright holder.en_US
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_US
dc.titleMagnetoelectrics for Implantable Bioelectronics: Progress to Dateen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.type.dcmiTexten_US
dc.type.publicationpublisher versionen_US
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