Balance and imbalance in biogeochemical cycles reflect the operation of closed, exchange, and open sets

dc.citation.articleNumbere2316535121en_US
dc.citation.issueNumber12en_US
dc.citation.journalTitleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciencesen_US
dc.citation.volumeNumber121en_US
dc.contributor.authorKemeny, Preston Cossletten_US
dc.contributor.authorTorres, Mark A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorFischer, Woodward W.en_US
dc.contributor.authorBlättler, Clara L.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2024-08-02T13:32:09Zen_US
dc.date.available2024-08-02T13:32:09Zen_US
dc.date.issued2024en_US
dc.description.abstractBiogeochemical reactions modulate the chemical composition of the oceans and atmosphere, providing feedbacks that sustain planetary habitability over geological time. Here, we mathematically evaluate a suite of biogeochemical processes to identify combinations of reactions that stabilize atmospheric carbon dioxide by balancing fluxes of chemical species among the ocean, atmosphere, and geosphere. Unlike prior modeling efforts, this approach does not prescribe functional relationships between the rates of biogeochemical processes and environmental conditions. Our agnostic framework generates three types of stable reaction combinations: closed sets, where sources and sinks mutually cancel for all chemical reservoirs; exchange sets, where constant ocean–atmosphere conditions are maintained through the growth or destruction of crustal reservoirs; and open sets, where balance in alkalinity and carbon fluxes is accommodated by changes in other chemical components of seawater or the atmosphere. These three modes of operation have different characteristic timescales and may leave distinct evidence in the rock record. To provide a practical example of this theoretical framework, we applied the model to recast existing hypotheses for Cenozoic climate change based on feedbacks or shared forcing mechanisms. Overall, this work provides a systematic and simplified conceptual framework for understanding the function and evolution of global biogeochemical cycles.en_US
dc.identifier.citationKemeny, P. C., Torres, M. A., Fischer, W. W., & Blättler, C. L. (2024). Balance and imbalance in biogeochemical cycles reflect the operation of closed, exchange, and open sets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(12), e2316535121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2316535121en_US
dc.identifier.digitalkemeny-et-al-2024en_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.231653512en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1911/117574en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherNational Academy of Sciencesen_US
dc.rightsExcept where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license.  Permission to reuse, publish, or reproduce the work beyond the terms of the license or beyond the bounds of fair use or other exemptions to copyright law must be obtained from the copyright holder.en_US
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/en_US
dc.titleBalance and imbalance in biogeochemical cycles reflect the operation of closed, exchange, and open setsen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.type.dcmiTexten_US
dc.type.publicationpublisher versionen_US
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