Evolution of the ﾠPerlecan/HSPG2ﾠ Gene and Its Activation in Regeneratingﾠ Nematostella vectensis

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dc.citation.firstpagee0124578en_US
dc.citation.issueNumber4en_US
dc.citation.journalTitlePLoS ONEen_US
dc.citation.volumeNumber10en_US
dc.contributor.authorWarren, Curtis R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKassir, Eliasen_US
dc.contributor.authorSpurlin, James W.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMartinez, Jerahme R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorPutnam, Nicholas H.en_US
dc.contributor.authorFarach-Carson, Mary C.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2016-03-28T20:49:40Zen_US
dc.date.available2016-03-28T20:49:40Zen_US
dc.date.issued2015en_US
dc.description.abstractThe heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2)/perlecan gene is ancient and conserved in all triploblastic species. Its presence maintains critical cell boundaries in tissue and its large (up to ~900 kDa) modular structure has prompted speculation about the evolutionary origin of the gene. The gene’s conservation amongst basal metazoans is unclear. After the recent sequencing of their genomes, the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis and the placozoanTrichoplax adhaerens have become favorite models for studying tissue regeneration and the evolution of multicellularity. More ancient basal metazoan phyla include the poriferan and ctenophore, whose evolutionary relationship has been clarified recently. Our in silico and PCR-based methods indicate that the HSPG2 gene is conserved in both the placozoan and cnidarian genomes, but not in those of the ctenophores and only partly in poriferan genomes.HSPG2 also is absent from published ctenophore and Capsaspora owczarzaki genomes. The gene in T. adhaerens is encoded as two separate but genetically juxtaposed genes that house all of the constituent pieces of the mammalian HSPG2 gene in tandem. These genetic constituents are found in isolated genes of various poriferan species, indicating a possible intronic recombinatory mechanism for assembly of the HSPG2 gene. Perlecan’s expression during wound healing and boundary formation is conserved, as expression of the gene was activated during tissue regeneration and reformation of the basement membrane of N.vectensis. These data indicate that the complex HSPG2 gene evolved concurrently in a common ancestor of placozoans, cnidarians and bilaterians, likely along with the development of differentiated cell types separated by acellular matrices, and is activated to reestablish these tissue borders during wound healing.en_US
dc.identifier.citationWarren, Curtis R., Kassir, Elias, Spurlin, James W., et al.. "Evolution of the ﾠPerlecan/HSPG2ﾠ Gene and Its Activation in Regeneratingﾠ Nematostella vectensis." <i>PLoS ONE,</i> 10, no. 4 (2015) Public Library of Science: e0124578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124578.en_US
dc.identifier.doihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124578en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1911/88661en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherPublic Library of Scienceen_US
dc.rightsThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of theﾠCreative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.en_US
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_US
dc.titleEvolution of the ﾠPerlecan/HSPG2ﾠ Gene and Its Activation in Regeneratingﾠ Nematostella vectensisen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.type.dcmiTexten_US
dc.type.publicationpublisher versionen_US
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