Spatial Variability in Relationships between Early Childhood Lead Exposure and Standardized Test Scores in Fourth Grade North Carolina Public School Students (2013–2016)

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dc.citation.articleNumber97003en_US
dc.citation.issueNumber9en_US
dc.citation.journalTitleEnvironmental Health Perspectivesen_US
dc.citation.volumeNumber132en_US
dc.contributor.authorBravo, Mercedes A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKowal, Daniel R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorZephyr, Dominiqueen_US
dc.contributor.authorFeldman, Josephen_US
dc.contributor.authorEnsor, Katherineen_US
dc.contributor.authorMiranda, Marie Lynnen_US
dc.date.accessioned2024-10-08T13:27:49Zen_US
dc.date.available2024-10-08T13:27:49Zen_US
dc.date.issued2024en_US
dc.description.abstractBackground:Exposure to lead during childhood is detrimental to children’s health. The extent to which the association between lead exposure and elementary school academic outcomes varies across geography is not known.Objective:Estimate associations between blood lead levels (BLLs) and fourth grade standardized test scores in reading and mathematics in North Carolina using models that allow associations between BLL and test scores to vary spatially across communities.Methods:We link geocoded, individual-level, standardized test score data for North Carolina public school students in fourth grade (2013–2016) with detailed birth records and blood lead testing data retrieved from the North Carolina childhood blood lead state registry on samples typically collected at 1–6 y of age. BLLs were categorized as: 1μ⁢g/dL (reference), 2μ⁢g/dL, 3–4μ⁢g/dL and ≥5μ⁢g/dL. We then fit spatially varying coefficient models that incorporate information sharing (smoothness), across neighboring communities via a Gaussian Markov random field to provide a global estimate of the association between BLL and test scores, as well as census tract–specific estimates (i.e., spatial coefficients). Models adjusted for maternal- and child-level covariates and were fit separately for reading and math.Results:The average BLL across the 91,706 individuals in the analysis dataset was 2.84μ⁢g/dL. Individuals were distributed across 2,002 (out of 2,195) census tracts in North Carolina. In models adjusting for child sex, birth weight percentile for gestational age, and Medicaid participation as well as maternal race/ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status, and tobacco use, BLLs of 2μ⁢g/dL, 3–4μ⁢g/dL and ≥5μ⁢g/dL were associated with overall lower reading test scores of −0.28 [95% confidence interval (CI): −0.43, −0.12], −0.53 (−0.69, −0.38), and −0.79 (−0.99, −0.604), respectively. For BLLs of 1μ⁢g/dL, 2μ⁢g/dL, 3–4μ⁢g/dL and ≥5μ⁢g/dL, spatial coefficients—that is, tract-specific adjustments in reading test score relative to the “global” coefficient—ranged from −9.70 to 2.52, −3.19 to 3.90, −11.14 to 7.85, and −4.73 to 4.33, respectively. Results for mathematics were similar to those for reading.Conclusion:The association between lead exposure and reading and mathematics test scores exhibits considerable heterogeneity across North Carolina communities. These results emphasize the need for prevention and mitigation efforts with respect to lead exposures everywhere, with special attention to locations where the cognitive impact is elevated. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13898en_US
dc.identifier.citationBravo, M. A., Kowal, D. R., Zephyr, D., Feldman, J., Ensor, K., & Miranda, M. L. (2024). Spatial Variability in Relationships between Early Childhood Lead Exposure and Standardized Test Scores in Fourth Grade North Carolina Public School Students (2013–2016). Environmental Health Perspectives, 132(9), 097003. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13898en_US
dc.identifier.digitalspatial-variability-in-relationshipsen_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1289/EHP138en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1911/117928en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Healthen_US
dc.rightsAll content is public domain unless otherwise noted.en_US
dc.titleSpatial Variability in Relationships between Early Childhood Lead Exposure and Standardized Test Scores in Fourth Grade North Carolina Public School Students (2013–2016)en_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.type.dcmiTexten_US
dc.type.publicationpublisher versionen_US
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