Medical advances often ineffectively translate to low-resource settings which can hamper improvements for patients in low and middle income countries (LMICs). The objective of this work was to develop diagnostics to improve patient care in low-resource settings in two areas: (1) cervical cancer diagnosis using high resolution microendoscopy and (2) neonatal jaundice diagnosis using a lateral flow test. (1) Over 260,000 women each year die from cervical cancer, with over 80% of these deaths occurring in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). To reduce mortality in low-income areas from cervical cancer, early screening and diagnosis needs to be improved. To address this, this work details the development of differential structured illumination microendoscopy (DSIMe) for obtaining histological information in highly scattering tissue in vivo to improve the early detection of cervical cancer. (2) Neonatal jaundice, a condition caused by the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood stream, affects approximately half of all newborns and causes permanent neurological damage and mortality if untreated. Jaundice regularly goes undetected in low-resource settings due to a lack of diagnostic tools to measure bilirubin levels. This work details the development of BiliSpec, a novel low-cost method to measure total bilirubin at the point-of-care in low-resource settings to improve care for neonates suffering from jaundice.