Projection-based stereolithography for direct 3D printing of heterogeneous ultrasound phantoms

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dc.citation.articleNumbere0260737en_US
dc.citation.issueNumber12en_US
dc.citation.journalTitlePLOS ONEen_US
dc.citation.volumeNumber16en_US
dc.contributor.authorPaulsen, Samantha J.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMitcham, Trevor M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorPan, Charlene S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorLong, Jamesen_US
dc.contributor.authorGrigoryan, Bagraten_US
dc.contributor.authorSazer, Daniel W.en_US
dc.contributor.authorHarlan, Collin J.en_US
dc.contributor.authorJanson, Kevin D.en_US
dc.contributor.authorPagel, Mark D.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMiller, Jordan S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorBouchard, Richard R.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2022-01-07T16:17:24Zen_US
dc.date.available2022-01-07T16:17:24Zen_US
dc.date.issued2021en_US
dc.description.abstractModern ultrasound (US) imaging is increasing its clinical impact, particularly with the introduction of US-based quantitative imaging biomarkers. Continued development and validation of such novel imaging approaches requires imaging phantoms that recapitulate the underlying anatomy and pathology of interest. However, current US phantom designs are generally too simplistic to emulate the structure and variability of the human body. Therefore, there is a need to create a platform that is capable of generating well-characterized phantoms that can mimic the basic anatomical, functional, and mechanical properties of native tissues and pathologies. Using a 3D-printing technique based on stereolithography, we fabricated US phantoms using soft materials in a single fabrication session, without the need for material casting or back-filling. With this technique, we induced variable levels of stable US backscatter in our printed materials in anatomically relevant 3D patterns. Additionally, we controlled phantom stiffness from 7 to >120 kPa at the voxel level to generate isotropic and anisotropic phantoms for elasticity imaging. Lastly, we demonstrated the fabrication of channels with diameters as small as 60 micrometers and with complex geometry (e.g., tortuosity) capable of supporting blood-mimicking fluid flow. Collectively, these results show that projection-based stereolithography allows for customizable fabrication of complex US phantoms.en_US
dc.identifier.citationPaulsen, Samantha J., Mitcham, Trevor M., Pan, Charlene S., et al.. "Projection-based stereolithography for direct 3D printing of heterogeneous ultrasound phantoms." <i>PLOS ONE,</i> 16, no. 12 (2021) Public Library of Science: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260737.en_US
dc.identifier.digitaljournal-pone-0260737en_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260737en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1911/111918en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherPublic Library of Scienceen_US
dc.rightsThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.en_US
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_US
dc.titleProjection-based stereolithography for direct 3D printing of heterogeneous ultrasound phantomsen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.type.dcmiTexten_US
dc.type.publicationpublisher versionen_US
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