EMvelop stimulation: minimally invasive deep brain stimulation using temporally interfering electromagnetic waves

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dc.citation.articleNumber046005en_US
dc.citation.issueNumber4en_US
dc.citation.journalTitleJournal of Neural Engineeringen_US
dc.citation.volumeNumber19en_US
dc.contributor.authorAhsan, Fatimaen_US
dc.contributor.authorChi, Taiyunen_US
dc.contributor.authorCho, Raymonden_US
dc.contributor.authorSheth, Sameer A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorGoodman, Wayneen_US
dc.contributor.authorAazhang, Behnaamen_US
dc.date.accessioned2022-08-04T14:53:13Zen_US
dc.date.available2022-08-04T14:53:13Zen_US
dc.date.issued2022en_US
dc.description.abstractObjective. Recently, the temporal interference stimulation (TIS) technique for focal noninvasive deep brain stimulation (DBS) was reported. However, subsequent computational modeling studies on the human brain have shown that while TIS achieves higher focality of electric fields than state-of-the-art methods, further work is needed to improve the stimulation strength. Here, we investigate the idea of EMvelop stimulation, a minimally invasive DBS setup using temporally interfering gigahertz (GHz) electromagnetic (EM) waves. At GHz frequencies, we can create antenna arrays at the scale of a few centimeters or less that can be endocranially implanted to enable longitudinal stimulation and circumvent signal attenuation due to the scalp and skull. Furthermore, owing to the small wavelength of GHz EM waves, we can optimize both amplitudes and phases of the EM waves to achieve high intensity and focal stimulation at targeted regions within the safety limit for exposure to EM waves. Approach. We develop a simulation framework investigating the propagation of GHz EM waves generated by line current antenna elements and the corresponding heat generated in the brain tissue. We propose two optimization flows to identify antenna current amplitudes and phases for either maximal intensity or maximal focality transmission of the interfering electric fields with EM waves safety constraint. Main results. A representative result of our study is that with two endocranially implanted arrays of size × each, we can achieve an intensity of 12 V m−1 with a focality of at a target deep in the brain tissue. Significance. In this proof-of-principle study, we show that the idea of EMvelop stimulation merits further investigation as it can be a minimally invasive way of stimulating deep brain targets and offers benefits not shared by prior methodologies of electrical or magnetic stimulation.en_US
dc.identifier.citationAhsan, Fatima, Chi, Taiyun, Cho, Raymond, et al.. "EMvelop stimulation: minimally invasive deep brain stimulation using temporally interfering electromagnetic waves." <i>Journal of Neural Engineering,</i> 19, no. 4 (2022) IOP Publishing: https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac7894.en_US
dc.identifier.digitalAhsan_2022en_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac7894en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1911/112948en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherIOP Publishingen_US
dc.rightsOriginal content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.en_US
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_US
dc.titleEMvelop stimulation: minimally invasive deep brain stimulation using temporally interfering electromagnetic wavesen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.type.dcmiTexten_US
dc.type.publicationpublisher versionen_US
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