Browsing by Author "Carns, Jennifer"
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Item American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Cervical Cancer Prevention Program: A Hands-On Training Course in Nepal(ASCO, 2021) Phoolcharoen, Natacha; Kremzier, Megan; Eaton, Vanessa; Sarchet, Vanessa; Acharya, Sandhya Chapagain; Shrestha, Eliza; Carns, Jennifer; Baker, Ellen; Varon, Melissa Lopez; Karmacharya, Saujanya; Aryal, Binod; Richards-Kortum, Rebecca; Salcedo, Mila Pontremoli; Schmeler, Kathleen M.; Pariyar, JitendraCervical cancer is the leading cause of death among women in Nepal. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center collaborated with international and local experts to hold a cervical cancer prevention course in Nepal in November 2019. The course included didactic lectures and a hands-on workshop. The didactic lectures included the epidemiology of cervical cancer globally and locally, cervical cancer screening guidelines, human papillomavirus vaccination, colposcopy and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), cervical dysplasia, and cervical cancer treatment. The hands-on workshop consisted of four stations: (1) VIA; (2) colposcopy, cervical biopsy, and endocervical curettage; (3) thermal ablation; and (4) loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). A train-the-trainer model short course was held by the international faculty to assist six local faculty to become familiar with the instruments, procedures, and models used in the hands-on training stations. Forty-two people (84% gynecologist, 8% radiation oncologist, and 8% other) attended the course. Following the course, the international faculty visited the regional hospitals for additional educational activities. Increased knowledge in cervical cancer screening guidelines and ability in performing VIA, colposcopy and cervical biopsy, thermal ablation, and LEEP were reported by 89%, 84%, 84%, 87%, and 84% of participants, respectively, from the postcourse on-site evaluations. From the 6-month follow-up survey, all respondents reported that they had made practice changes based on what they learned in the course and had implemented or tried to implement the cervical cancer screening guidelines presented at the course. In conclusion, the course evaluations suggested an improvement in participants' ability to perform cervical cancer screening and diagnostic procedures and reported the changes in practices after training.Item Automated In Vivo High-Resolution Imaging to Detect Human Papillomavirus–Associated Anal Precancer in Persons Living With HIV(Wolters Kluwer, 2023) Brenes, David; Kortum, Alex; Carns, Jennifer; Mutetwa, Tinaye; Schwarz, Richard; Liu, Yuxin; Sigel, Keith; Richards-Kortum, Rebecca; Anandasabapathy, Sharmila; Gaisa, Michael; Chiao, ElizabethINTRODUCTION: In the United States, the effectiveness of anal cancer screening programs has been limited by a lack of trained professionals proficient in high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) and a high patient lost-to-follow-up rate between diagnosis and treatment. Simplifying anal intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more severe (AIN 2+) detection could radically improve the access and efficiency of anal cancer prevention. Novel optical imaging providing point-of-care diagnoses could substantially improve existing HRA and histology-based diagnosis. This work aims to demonstrate the potential of high-resolution microendoscopy (HRME) coupled with a novel machine learning algorithm for the automated, in vivo diagnosis of anal precancer. METHODS: The HRME, a fiber-optic fluorescence microscope, was used to capture real-time images of anal squamous epithelial nuclei. Nuclear staining is achieved using 0.01% wt/vol proflavine, a topical contrast agent. HRME images were analyzed by a multitask deep learning network (MTN) that computed the probability of AIN 2+ for each HRME image. RESULTS: The study accrued data from 77 people living with HIV. The MTN achieved an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.84 for detection of AIN 2+. At the AIN 2+ probability cutoff of 0.212, the MTN achieved comparable performance to expert HRA impression with a sensitivity of 0.92 (P = 0.68) and specificity of 0.60 (P = 0.48) when using histopathology as the gold standard. DISCUSSION: When used in combination with HRA, this system could facilitate more selective biopsies and promote same-day AIN2+ treatment options by enabling real-time diagnosis.Item Building local capacity for cervical cancer prevention in low resource settings: Changing strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic(ISGH, 2021) Salcedo, Mila P.; Varon, Melissa L.; Phoolcharoen, Natacha; Osman, Nafissa; David, Ernestina; Rangeiro, Ricardina; Changule, Dercia; Andrade, Viviane; Neves, Andrea; Doughtie, Kathleen M.; Carns, Jennifer; Lorenzoni, Cesaltina; Baker, Ellen; Schmeler, Kathleen M.In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where the great majority of cervical cancer cases occur, there is a shortage of health care providers trained to diagnose and treat pre-invasive cervical disease. The cervical cancer regional incidence and mortality rates are highest in sub-Saharan Africa and South-Eastern Asia [1]. In many resource-constrained regions, the shortage of trained providers limits the scale-up of quality cervical cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment services. In Mozambique, cervical cancer is the primary cause of cancer and cancer-related deaths among women [2,3]. Since 2016 we have provided in-person support and training to gynecologists and nurses in Mozambique. Cervical cancer prevention training, included teaching skills of colposcopy, cervical biopsy and loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) [4] Completion of hands-on training was followed by patient care with the trainers in local clinics. Participation in monthly Project ECHO (Extension of Community Healthcare Outcomes) telementoring sessions was encouraged to reinforce and amplify knowledge and skills. Since March 2020 travel has been restricted due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We have therefore adapted the way we deliver this training and provide support to colleagues in Mozambique so that capacity building efforts continue.Item Design and Evaluation of ScanCap: A Low-Cost, Reusable Tethered Capsule Endoscope with Blue-Green Illumination Imaging for Unsedated Screening and Early Detection of Barrett’s Esophagus(MDPI, 2024) Hicheri, Cheima; Azimuddin, Ahad M.; Kortum, Alex; Bailey, Joseph; Tang, Yubo; Schwarz, Richard A.; Rosen, Daniel; Jain, Shilpa; Mansour, Nabil M.; Groth, Shawn; Vasavada, Shaleen; Rao, Ashwin; Maliga, Adrianna; Gallego, Leslie; Carns, Jennifer; Anandasabapathy, Sharmila; Richards-Kortum, Rebecca; Rice360 Institute for Global Health TechnologiesEsophageal carcinoma is the sixth-leading cause of cancer death worldwide. A precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is Barrett’s Esophagus (BE). Early-stage diagnosis and treatment of esophageal neoplasia (Barrett’s with high-grade dysplasia/intramucosal cancer) increase the five-year survival rate from 10% to 98%. BE is a global challenge; however, current endoscopes for early BE detection are costly and require extensive infrastructure for patient examination and sedation. We describe the design and evaluation of the first prototype of ScanCap, a high-resolution optical endoscopy system with a reusable, low-cost tethered capsule, designed to provide high-definition, blue-green illumination imaging for the early detection of BE in unsedated patients. The tethered capsule (12.8 mm diameter, 35.5 mm length) contains a color camera and rotating mirror and is designed to be swallowed; images are collected as the capsule is retracted manually via the tether. The tether provides electrical power and illumination at wavelengths of 415 nm and 565 nm and transmits data from the camera to a tablet. The ScanCap prototype capsule was used to image the oral mucosa in normal volunteers and ex vivo esophageal resections; images were compared to those obtained using an Olympus CV-180 endoscope. Images of superficial capillaries in intact oral mucosa were clearly visible in ScanCap images. Diagnostically relevant features of BE, including irregular Z-lines, distorted mucosa, and dilated vasculature, were clearly visible in ScanCap images of ex vivo esophageal specimens.Item Development of a multimodal mobile colposcope for real-time cervical cancer detection(Optica Publishing Group, 2022) Coole, Jackson B.; Brenes, David; Possati-Resende, Júlio César; Antoniazzi, Márcio; Fonseca, Bruno de Oliveira; Maker, Yajur; Kortum, Alex; Vohra, Imran S.; Schwarz, Richard A.; Carns, Jennifer; Souza, Karen Cristina Borba; Santana, Iara Viana Vidigal; Kreitchmann, Regis; Salcedo, Mila P.; Salcedo, Mila P.; Ramanujam, Nirmala; Schmeler, Kathleen M.; Richards-Kortum, RebeccaCervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death among women in low-and middle-income countries. Globally, cervical cancer prevention programs are hampered by a lack of resources, infrastructure, and personnel. We describe a multimodal mobile colposcope (MMC) designed to diagnose precancerous cervical lesions at the point-of-care without the need for biopsy. The MMC integrates two complementary imaging systems: 1) a commercially available colposcope and 2) a high speed, high-resolution, fiber-optic microendoscope (HRME). Combining these two image modalities allows, for the first time, the ability to locate suspicious cervical lesions using widefield imaging and then to obtain co-registered high-resolution images across an entire lesion. The MMC overcomes limitations of high-resolution imaging alone; widefield imaging can be used to guide the placement of the high-resolution imaging probe at clinically suspicious regions and co-registered, mosaicked high-resolution images effectively increase the field of view of high-resolution imaging. Representative data collected from patients referred for colposcopy at Barretos Cancer Hospital in Brazil, including 22,800 high resolution images and 9,900 colposcope images, illustrate the ability of the MMC to identify abnormal cervical regions, image suspicious areas with subcellular resolution, and distinguish between high-grade and low-grade dysplasia.Item Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Test for Bilirubin in Malawi(American Academy of Pediatrics, 2022) Shapiro, Alyssa; Anderson, Jessica; Mtenthaonga, Prince; Kumwenda, Watson; Bond, Meaghan; Schwarz, Richard; Carns, Jennifer; Johnston, Ryan; Dube, Queen; Chiume, Msandeni; Richards-Kortum, Rebecca; Rice 360° Institute for Global HealthOBJECTIVES: BiliSpec is a low-cost spectrophotometric reader and disposable paper-based strip to quantify total serum bilirubin from several blood drops. This study was a prospective evaluation of BiliSpec in 2 neonatal wards in Malawi compared with a reference standard bilirubinometer over a large range of bilirubin and hematocrit levels. METHODS: The accuracy of BiliSpec and a transcutaneous bilirubinometer were compared with the reference standard of spectrophotometry for 475 blood samples collected from 375 subjects across a range of total serum bilirubin concentrations from 0.0 to 33.7 mg/dL. The development of error grids to assess the clinical effects of measurement differences is reported. RESULTS: BiliSpec was found to have a mean bias of −0.48 mg/dL and 95% limits of agreement of −5.09 mg/dL to +4.12 mg/dL. Results show 90.7% of BiliSpec measurements would have resulted in the same clinical decision as the reference standard, whereas 55.0% of transcutaneous bilirubin measurements would have resulted in the same clinical decision as the reference standard. CONCLUSIONS: This evaluation supports use of BiliSpec to provide accurate, low-cost, point-of-care bilirubin measurements in low-resource hospitals. Future work is needed to evaluate BiliSpec among a larger number of users.Item Hands-On Training Courses for Cervical Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Procedures in Low- and Middle-Income Countries(American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2022) Phoolcharoen, Natacha; Varon, Melissa Lopez; Baker, Ellen; Parra, Sonia; Carns, Jennifer; Cherry, Katelin; Smith, Chelsey; Sonka, Theresa; Doughtie, Kathleen; Lorenzoni, Cesaltina; Richards-Kortum, Rebecca; Schmeler, Kathleen; Salcedo, Mila PontremoliIn 2018, there were approximately 570,000 new cases of cervical cancer worldwide. More than 85% of cases occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), primarily because of poor access to screening and a limited number of medical providers trained to diagnose and treat cervical precancerous lesions. Our objective was to provide locally arranged, hands-on training courses for medical providers in LMICs to learn to perform cervical cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment procedures. The courses included didactic lectures and hands-on training stations using low-cost simulation models developed by bioengineers and students at Rice University in Houston, TX, United States, and the Malawi Polytechnic in Blantyre, Malawi. The hands-on training stations included visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), colposcopy, cervical biopsy, endocervical curettage, loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), and thermal ablation. Provider pre- and postcourse confidence levels in performing the procedures were evaluated. From February 2017 to January 2020, we arranged 15 hands-on training courses in seven cities across six countries (El Salvador, Mozambique, Trinidad and Tobago, Lesotho, Malawi, and Nepal). Overall, there were 506 participants. The average number of participants per course was 38 (range 19-92). The participants included doctors, nurses, and midwives. The course duration varied from 1 to 3 days. Increased confidence in performing VIA, colposcopy and cervical biopsy, ablation, and LEEP was reported by 69%, 71%, 61%, and 76% of participants, respectively. Our findings suggest that locally arranged, hands-on cervical cancer prevention training courses in LMICs can improve provider confidence in performing cervical cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment procedures. These courses are part of a larger strategy to build local capacity for delivering and improving cervical cancer prevention services in LMICs.Item High frame rate video mosaicking microendoscope to image large regions of intact tissue with subcellular resolution(Optical Society of America, 2021) Hunt, Brady; Coole, Jackson; Brenes, David; Kortum, Alex; Mitbander, Ruchika; Vohra, Imran; Carns, Jennifer; Schwarz, Richard; Richards-Kortum, RebeccaHigh-resolution microendoscopy (HRME) is a low-cost strategy to acquire images of intact tissue with subcellular resolution at frame rates ranging from 11 to 18 fps. Current HRME imaging strategies are limited by the small microendoscope field of view (∼0.5 mm2); multiple images must be acquired and reliably registered to assess large regions of clinical interest. Image mosaics have been assembled from co-registered frames of video acquired as a microendoscope is slowly moved across the tissue surface, but the slow frame rate of previous HRME systems made this approach impractical for acquiring quality mosaicked images from large regions of interest. Here, we present a novel video mosaicking microendoscope incorporating a high frame rate CMOS sensor and optical probe holder to enable high-speed, high quality interrogation of large tissue regions of interest. Microendoscopy videos acquired at >90 fps are assembled into an image mosaic. We assessed registration accuracy and image sharpness across the mosaic for images acquired with a handheld probe over a range of translational speeds. This high frame rate video mosaicking microendoscope enables in vivo probe translation at >15 millimeters per second while preserving high image quality and accurate mosaicking, increasing the size of the region of interest that can be interrogated at high resolution from 0.5 mm2 to >30 mm2. Real-time deployment of this high-frame rate system is demonstrated in vivo and source code made publicly available.Item Impact of hypothermia on implementation of CPAP for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in a low-resource setting(Public Library of Science, 2018) Carns, Jennifer; Kawaza, Kondwani; Quinn, M.K.; Miao, Yinsen; Guerra, Rudy; Molyneux, Elizabeth; Oden, Maria; Richards-Kortum, RebeccaBackground: Neonatal hypothermia is widely associated with increased risks of morbidity and mortality, but remains a pervasive global problem. No studies have examined the impact of hypothermia on outcomes for preterm infants treated with CPAP for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Methods: This retrospective analysis assessed the impact of hypothermia on outcomes of 65 neonates diagnosed with RDS and treated with either nasal oxygen (N = 17) or CPAP (N = 48) in a low-resource setting. A classification tree approach was used to develop a model predicting survival for subjects diagnosed with RDS. Findings: Survival to discharge was accurately predicted based on three variables: mean temperature, treatment modality, and mean respiratory rate. None of the 23 neonates with a mean temperature during treatment below 35.8°C survived to discharge, regardless of treatment modality. Among neonates with a mean temperature exceeding 35.8°C, the survival rate was 100% for the 31 neonates treated with CPAP and 36.4% for the 11 neonates treated with nasal oxygen (p<0.001). For neonates treated with CPAP, outcomes were poor if more than 50% of measured temperatures indicated hypothermia (5.6% survival). In contrast, all 30 neonates treated with CPAP and with more than 50% of temperature measurements above 35.8°C survived to discharge, regardless of initial temperature. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that successful implementation of CPAP to treat RDS in low-resource settings will require aggressive action to prevent persistent hypothermia. However, our results show that even babies who are initially cold can do well on CPAP with proper management of hypothermia.Item Line-scanning confocal microendoscope for nuclear morphometry imaging(SPIE, 2017) Tang, Yubo; Carns, Jennifer; Richards-Kortum, Rebecca R.Fiber-optic endomicroscopy is a minimally invasive method to image cellular morphology in vivo. Using a coherent fiber bundle as an image relay, it allows additional imaging optics to be placed at the distal end of the fiber outside the body. In this research, we use this approach to demonstrate a compact, low-cost line-scanning confocal fluorescence microendoscope that can be constructed for <$5000 . Confocal imaging is enabled without the need for mechanical scanning by synchronizing a digital light projector with the rolling shutter of a CMOS camera. Its axial performance is characterized in comparison with a nonscanned high-resolution microendoscope. We validate the optical sectioning capability of the microendoscope by imaging a two-dimensional phantom and ex vivo mouse esophageal and colon tissues. Results show that optical sectioning using this approach improves visualization of nuclear morphometry and suggest that this low-cost line-scanning microendoscope can be used to evaluate various pathological conditions.Item National scale of neonatal CPAP to district hospitals in Malawi improves survival for neonates weighing between 1.0 and 1.3 kg(BMJ, 2022) Carns, Jennifer; Liaghati-Mobarhan, Sara; Asibon, Aba; Chalira, Alfred; Lufesi, Norman; Molyneux, Elizabeth; Oden, Maria Z.; Richards-Kortum, Rebecca; Kawaza, Kondwani; Rice360 Institute for Global HealthObjective To determine whether a national quality improvement programme implementing continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) at government hospitals in Malawi improved outcomes for neonates prioritised by an algorithm recommending early CPAP for infants weighing 1.0–1.3 kg (the 50th percentile weight at 30 weeks’ gestation). Design The analysis includes neonates admitted with respiratory illness for 5.5 months before CPAP was introduced (baseline period) and for 15 months immediately after CPAP was implemented (implementation period). A follow-up data analysis was completed for neonates treated with CPAP for a further 11 months. Setting and patients Neonates with admission weights of 1.0–1.3 kg before (106 neonates treated with nasal oxygen) and after implementation of CPAP (153 neonates treated with nasal oxygen, 103 neonates treated with CPAP) in the newborn wards at Malawi government district hospitals. Follow-up analysis included 87 neonates treated with CPAP. Intervention Neonatal CPAP. Main outcome measure We assessed survival to discharge at 23 government district hospitals with no significant differences in transfer rates before and after implementation of CPAP. Results Survival improved for neonates with admission weights from 1.0 to 1.3 kg treated with CPAP (30.1%) as compared with neonates of the same weight band treated with oxygen during the baseline (17.9%) and implementation (18.3%) periods. There was no significant difference in survival for neonates treated with CPAP during the implementation and follow-up periods (30.1% vs 28.7%). Conclusions Survival for neonates weighing 1.0–1.3 kg significantly increased with a nurse-led CPAP service in a low-resource setting and improvements were sustained during follow-up.Item Neonatal CPAP for Respiratory Distress Across Malawi and Mortality(American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019) Carns, Jennifer; Kawaza, Kondwani; Liaghati-Mobarhan, Sara; Asibon, Aba; Quinn, Mary K.; Chalira, Alfred; Lufesi, Norman; Molyneux, Elizabeth; Oden, Maria; Richards-Kortum, RebeccaOBJECTIVES: Our aim in this observational study was to monitor continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) usage and outcomes in newborn wards at 26 government hospitals in Malawi after the introduction of CPAP as part of a quality-improvement initiative. CPAP was implemented in 3 phases from 2013 through 2015. METHODS: Survival to discharge was analyzed for neonates treated with nasal oxygen and/or CPAP with admission weights of 1 to 2.49 kg at 24 government hospitals with transfer rates <15%. This analysis includes neonates admitted with respiratory illness for 5.5 months before (621 neonates) and 15 months immediately after CPAP implementation (1836 neonates). A follow-up data analysis was completed for neonates treated with CPAP at all hospitals during an additional 11 months (194 neonates). RESULTS: On implementation of CPAP, survival to discharge improved for all neonates admitted with respiratory distress (48.6% vs 54.5%; P = .012) and for those diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome (39.8% vs 48.3%; P = .042). There were no significant differences in outcomes for neonates treated with CPAP during the implementation and follow-up periods. Hypothermia on admission was pervasive and associated with poor outcomes. Neonates with normal mean temperatures during CPAP treatment experienced the highest survival rates (65.7% for all neonates treated with CPAP and 60.0% for those diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome). CONCLUSIONS: A nurse-led CPAP service can improve outcomes for neonates in respiratory distress in low-resource settings. However, the results show that real-world improvements in survival may be limited without access to comprehensive newborn care, especially for small and sick infants.Item Optical imaging technologies for in vivo cancer detection in low-resource settings(Elsevier, 2023) Hou, Huayu; Mitbander, Ruchika; Tang, Yubo; Azimuddin, Ahad; Carns, Jennifer; Schwarz, Richard A.; Richards-Kortum, Rebecca R.Cancer continues to affect underserved populations disproportionately. Novel optical imaging technologies, which can provide rapid, non-invasive, and accurate cancer detection at the point of care, have great potential to improve global cancer care. This article reviews the recent technical innovations and clinical translation of low-cost optical imaging technologies, highlighting the advances in both hardware and software, especially the integration of artificial intelligence, to improve in vivo cancer detection in low-resource settings. Additionally, this article provides an overview of existing challenges and future perspectives of adapting optical imaging technologies into clinical practice, which can potentially contribute to novel insights and programs that effectively improve cancer detection in low-resource settings.Item Optical Molecular Imaging in the Gastrointestinal Tract(Elsevier, 2013-05) Carns, Jennifer; Keahey, Pelham; Quang, Timothy; Anandasabapathy, Sharmila; Richards-Kortum, RebeccaRecent developments in optical molecular imaging allow for real-time identification of morphological and biochemical changes in tissue associated with gastrointestinal neoplasia. This review summarizes widefield and high resolution imaging modalities currently in pre-clinical and clinical evaluation for the detection of colorectal cancer and esophageal cancer. Widefield techniques discussed include high definition white light endoscopy, narrow band imaging, autofluoresence imaging, and chromoendoscopy; high resolution techniques discussed include probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy, high-resolution microendoscopy, and optical coherence tomography. Finally, new approaches to enhance image contrast using vital dyes and molecular-specific targeted contrast agents are evaluated.Item Simple differential digital confocal aperture to improve axial response of line-scanning confocal microendoscopes(Optical Society of America, 2019) Tang, Yubo; Kortum, Alex; Vohra, Imran; Carns, Jennifer; Anandasabapathy, Sharmila; Richards-Kortum, RebeccaLine-scanning confocal microendoscopy offers video-rate cellular imaging of scattering tissue with relatively simple hardware, but its axial response is inferior to that of point-scanning systems. Based on Fourier optics theory, we designed differential confocal apertures with a simple subtraction technique to improve the line-scanning sectioning performance. Taking advantage of digital slit apertures on a digital light projector and a CMOS rolling shutter, we demonstrate real-time optical sectioning performance comparable to point scanning in a dual-camera microendoscope (<$6,000). We validate the background rejection capability when imaging porcine columnar epithelium stained with fluorescent contrast agents with different uptake mechanisms and staining properties.Item Use of topical methylene blue to image nuclear morphometry with a low-cost scanning darkfield microendoscope(SPIE, 2024) Hou, Huayu; Carns, Jennifer; Schwarz, Richard A.; Gillenwater, Ann M.; Anandasabapathy, Sharmila; Richards-Kortum, Rebecca R.SignificanceFiber-optic microendoscopy is a promising approach to noninvasively visualize epithelial nuclear morphometry for early cancer and precancer detection. However, the broader clinical application of this approach is limited by a lack of topical contrast agents available for in vivo use.AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the ability to image nuclear morphometry in vivo with a novel fiber-optic microendoscope used together with topical application of methylene blue (MB), a dye with FDA approval for use in chromoendoscopy in the gastrointestinal tract.ApproachThe low-cost, high-resolution microendoscope implements scanning darkfield imaging without complex optomechanical components by leveraging programmable illumination and the rolling shutter of the image sensor. We validate the integration of our system and MB staining for visualizing epithelial cell nuclei by performing ex vivo imaging on fresh animal specimens and in vivo imaging on healthy volunteers.ResultsThe results indicate that scanning darkfield imaging significantly reduces specular reflection and resolves epithelial nuclei with enhanced image contrast and spatial resolution compared to non-scanning widefield imaging. The image quality of darkfield images with MB staining is comparable to that of fluorescence images with proflavine staining.ConclusionsOur approach enables real-time microscopic evaluation of nuclear patterns and has the potential to be a powerful noninvasive tool for early cancer detection.