Energy and environmental issues are among the most critical challenges in modern industrial development. For centuries, humanity has relied heavily on traditional fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Even today, the majority of global energy consumption is derived from these conventional energy sources, creating increasing pressure on environmental systems. Governments and industries spend substantial resources each year on environmental issues such as wastewater treatment, air quality improvement, and mitigating the effects of climate change. The pursuit of a sustainable balance between energy demands and environmental protection remains a critical challenge, driving the need for more efficient and innovative technologies in both areas.

Technology advances in areas such as electrocatalysis and water treatment are gaining traction, with a particular emphasis on the development and application of nanomaterials. In particular, 1D and 2D nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes and transition metal dichalcogenides, exhibit unique properties such as high surface area, chemical stability, and efficient electron transport, making them highly effective in energy and environmental applications.

This thesis focuses on the design, characterization, and performance evaluation of 1D and 2D nanomaterials for sustainable energy production and environmental protection. The research includes four key projects: (1) the application of Co-doped MoS₂ for electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis and investigation of the mechanisms of catalytic performance enhancement through doping; (2) the use of Cu-doped MoS₂ for nitrate reduction to nitrogen and the analysis of atomic and elemental arrangements around the dopants; (3) the application of temperature-responsive polymers for anti-scaling treatment targeting CaCO₃ in water treatment plants; and (4) the use of pH-responsive polymers for anti-scaling treatment targeting CaSO₄. Overall, this thesis provides valuable insights into the development of advanced materials for energy and environmental applications, contributing to sustainable technological progress in these critical areas.