Over the past decade, the Middle East has seen major transformations, including popular uprisings, civil and armed conflict, and humanitarian emergencies. The region also faces a number of other important challenges, ranging from effective governance to religious pluralism to geopolitical rivalries. This policy brief is the result of a one-day conference where experts examined the most pressing issues in the region for U.S. policymakers. It provides analyses and policy recommendations regarding the evolution of Islamist politics, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, security in the Persian Gulf, and displacement in the Middle East.