Investigations of the Specificity of Oxidosqualene Cyclization: Errors are the Rule, Not the Exception

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dc.contributor.advisorMatsuda, Seiichi P.T.en_US
dc.contributor.committeeMemberBall, Zachary Ten_US
dc.contributor.committeeMemberSilberg, Jonathanen_US
dc.creatorBodager, Paul Gregoryen_US
dc.date.accessioned2016-01-06T20:28:33Zen_US
dc.date.available2016-01-06T20:28:33Zen_US
dc.date.created2014-12en_US
dc.date.issued2014-12-05en_US
dc.date.submittedDecember 2014en_US
dc.date.updated2016-01-06T20:28:34Zen_US
dc.description.abstractThis thesis describes the characterization of oxidosqualene cyclases from numerous organisms, through heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and extraction from organismal tissue. Oxidosqualene cyclases are a family of proteins which catalyze the cyclization of the linear substrate oxidosqualene into cyclic compounds known as triterpene alcohols, acting in both the primary and secondary metabolism of organisms. Detailed analyses of cyclase product profiles in both primary and secondary metabolism are used herein to develop a comprehensive discussion of cyclase product specificity. First, the characterization of two oxidosqualene cyclases of secondary metabolism from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, LUP4 and LUP5, by heterologous expression, is described. While demonstrating quite different product specificity, both cyclases make a mixture of nearly 20 triterpene alcohols. The isolation of a novel triterpene alcohol, (20S)-dammara-12,24-dienol, is reported. Next, the characterization of six oxidosqualene cyclases of primary metabolism are detailed, including lanosterol synthases from S. cerevisiae, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, Homo sapiens, Bos taurus, and cycloartenol synthase from A. thaliana. Despite no reports of minor product generation by lanosterol synthases prior to this work, each cyclase is shown to make minor “errors”. These cyclases make different sets of minor products, and produce the major product with varying accuracy. This work demonstrates that minor product formation is characteristic of oxidosqualene cyclization, and leads to the conclusion that no cyclase produces only a single product. Finally, lanosterol synthase product profiles are extended to in vivo systems, via the analysis of triterpene alcohols present in yeast culture, as well as in mammalian tissue. This analysis demonstrates that S. cerevisiae lanosterol synthase produces at least 16 products, including three generated through B-ring-chair intermediates, the first evidence of a non-mutant cyclase accessing B-ring-boat and B-ring-chair intermediates. Analysis of bovine brain extracts led to the discovery that 18 lanosterol synthase minor products are detectable in mammalian tissue, including two novel triterpene alcohols, protosta-20(22)E-dienol and CB-thalianol A. Finally, this analysis demonstrated that one lanosterol synthase minor product, parkeol, is metabolized by enzymes in the sterol biosynthetic pathway, demonstrating that enzymatic errors generate a previously hidden level of chemical diversity in primary metabolism.en_US
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen_US
dc.identifier.citationBodager, Paul Gregory. "Investigations of the Specificity of Oxidosqualene Cyclization: Errors are the Rule, Not the Exception." (2014) Diss., Rice University. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1911/87712">https://hdl.handle.net/1911/87712</a>.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1911/87712en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.rightsCopyright is held by the author, unless otherwise indicated. Permission to reuse, publish, or reproduce the work beyond the bounds of fair use or other exemptions to copyright law must be obtained from the copyright holder.en_US
dc.subjectOxidosqualene Cyclaseen_US
dc.subjectLanosterol Synthaseen_US
dc.subjectSterol Biosynthesisen_US
dc.subjectTriterpeneen_US
dc.subjectTriterpenoiden_US
dc.titleInvestigations of the Specificity of Oxidosqualene Cyclization: Errors are the Rule, Not the Exceptionen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
dc.type.materialTexten_US
thesis.degree.departmentChemistryen_US
thesis.degree.disciplineNatural Sciencesen_US
thesis.degree.grantorRice Universityen_US
thesis.degree.levelDoctoralen_US
thesis.degree.nameDoctor of Philosophyen_US
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