This dissertation is an analysis of the political economy of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. This dissertation traces Nigerian democratic imaginaries and shows their intertwined connections to national and international AIDS policies, constructions of rights, and the production of therapeutic economies for which features of local, national and international forces merge to produce the materiality of AIDS. In particular, the dissertation analyzes (a) the relationship between Nigerian AIDS NGOs and the development industry and how definitions and discourses of AIDS translate into problematic policies; (b) ethnographically Nigerian coming into compliance with the TRIPs Agreement, and subsequent vying of power among international and local actors; (c) global drug pricing practices and their relationship to drug distribution infrastructures as well as new biosocial relations that form around lack of treatment access; and (d) a case study of HIV/AIDS cure claims over which the veracity of such claims were publicly debated and how ideas of democracy and forms of nationalism informed these debates.