Does the Size-Arrival Effect Occur With an Active Collision-Avoidance Task in an Immersive 3D Virtual Reality Environment?

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dc.citation.journalTitleHuman Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Societyen_US
dc.contributor.authorDeLucia, Patricia R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorBraly, Adam M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorSavoy, Bria R.en_US
dc.contributor.funderNational Science Foundation, Award #1853936en_US
dc.date.accessioned2021-11-29T17:10:46Zen_US
dc.date.available2021-11-29T17:10:46Zen_US
dc.date.issued2021en_US
dc.description.abstractObjective: Determine whether the size-arrival effect (SAE) occurs with immersive, 3D visual experiences and active collision-avoidance responses. Background: When a small near object and a large far object approach the observer at the same speeds, the large object appears to arrive before the small object, known as the size-arrival effect (SAE), which may contribute to crashes between motorcycles and cars. Prior studies of the SAE were limited because they used two dimensional displays and asked participants to make passive judgments. Method: Participants viewed approaching objects using a virtual reality (VR) headset. In an active task, participants ducked before the object hit them. In a passive prediction-motion (PM) judgment, the approaching object disappeared, and participants pressed a button when they thought the object would hit them. In a passive relative TTC judgment, participants reported which of two approaching objects would reach them first. Results: The SAE occurred with the PM and relative TTC tasks but not with the ducking task. The SAE can occur in immersive 3D environments but is limited by the nature of the task and display. Application: Certain traffic situations may be more prone to the SAE and have higher risk for collisions. For example, in left-turn scenarios (e.g., see Levulis, 2018), drivers make passive judgments when oncoming vehicles are far and optical expansion is slow, and binocular disparity putatively is ineffective. Collision-avoidance warning systems may be needed more in such scenarios than when vehicles are near and drivers’ judgments of TTC may be more accurate (DeLucia, 2008).en_US
dc.identifier.citationDeLucia, Patricia R., Braly, Adam M. and Savoy, Bria R.. "Does the Size-Arrival Effect Occur With an Active Collision-Avoidance Task in an Immersive 3D Virtual Reality Environment?." <i>Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society,</i> (2021) Sage: https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211031043.en_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211031043en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1911/111691en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherSageen_US
dc.rightsThis is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Sage.en_US
dc.subject.keywordvisionen_US
dc.subject.keywordcollisionen_US
dc.subject.keywordtime-to-contacten_US
dc.subject.keywordvirtual realityen_US
dc.subject.keywordperception-actionen_US
dc.titleDoes the Size-Arrival Effect Occur With an Active Collision-Avoidance Task in an Immersive 3D Virtual Reality Environment?en_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.type.dcmiTexten_US
dc.type.publicationpost-printen_US
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