Browsing by Author "Motowidlo, Stephan J."
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Item A Context-Independent Situational Judgment Test to Measure Prosocial Implicit Trait Policy(Taylor & Francis, 2016) Motowidlo, Stephan J.; Ghosh, Kamalika; Mendoza, Anjelica M.; Buchanan, Ashley E.; Lerma, Mikal N.Two studies developed and validated a context-independent situational judgment test (SJT) of prosocial implicit trait policy (ITP). The first study developed an SJT based on critical incidents about the prosocial behavior of physicians, lawyers, community service volunteers, and human factors engineers. In a sample of 396 undergraduates, this SJT was internally consistent and correlated significantly with other trait constructs related to prosocial ITP. In the second study with 134 undergraduates, the SJT was significantly correlated with relevant trait constructs and prosocial performance in role-plays simulating scenarios in which others needed help. These results show that a generic SJT developed from items that describe situations and actions specific to several occupations can predict behavior in situations unlike any that appear in its items.Item Approval motivation and situational judgment tests: The role of personality and implicit trait policies(2009) Kell, Harrison James; Motowidlo, Stephan J.The effects of faking on situational judgment test (SJT) scores have only recently been explored. The research reported here tested a model linking an individual difference frequently associated with social desirability, approval motivation, with SJT score through its associations with agreeableness, conscientiousness, and implicit trait policies (ITPs) for those traits. One-hundred fifty-seven undergraduates completed a managerial SJT along with a measure assessing personality. Approval motivation was assessed using the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Results indicated that approval motivation is correlated with SJT score and the ITP for conscientiousness. Path analyses revealed approval motivation is causally related to SJT score through its influence on the ITP for conscientiousness, and is also linked to conscientiousness and agreeableness. Findings extend ITP theory (Motowidlo, Hooper, & Jackson, 2006a) by suggesting that personality traits are associated with SJT scores through their causal influence on their ITPs.Item Personality Traits, Prosocial Knowledge, Charismatic Leadership Behavior, and Clinical Performance of Indian Medical Students(2016-04-25) Ghosh, Kamalika; Motowidlo, Stephan J.; Oswald, Frederick L; Beier, Margaret EAbstract This study replicates and extends findings reported by Ghosh, Motowidlo, and Nath (2015) that Indian medical students’ prosocial knowledge is positively correlated with their clinical performance. It examines the antecedents of medical students’ charismatic leadership behavior and its contribution to their clinical performance. This study also investigates whether the strongest personality determinant of prosocial knowledge and charismatic leadership behavior is different in a high power distance culture (conscientiousness) than in a low power distance culture (agreeableness). In a sample of 343 Indian medical students, students’ prosocial knowledge positively correlated (.21, p <.01) with their clinical performance. Although Indian medical students’ (N = 96 – 109) charismatic leadership behavior failed to show significant association with their clinical performance (.07, NS) and prosocial knowledge (.18, NS), it positively correlates with agreeableness (.43, p <.01), and conscientiousness (.40, p <.01). Contrary to expectations, conscientiousness failed to show stronger association with knowledge and leadership constructs, than agreeableness in India’s high power distance culture which demonstrates agreeableness’ role as a global predictor of prosocial knowledge. Practical and theoretical contributions of this study are discussed with recommendations for future research.Item Personality, Emotional Intelligence, and Skill in Service Encounters: Exploring the Role of Prosocial Knowledge as a Mediator(2013-09-19) Martin, Michelle; Motowidlo, Stephan J.; Oswald, Frederick L.; Beier, Margaret E.; Smith, D. BrentEmotional intelligence has become a very popular topic in organizational research (Joseph & Newman, 2010; Mayer, Roberts, & Barsade, 2008), partly as a response to contentions that emotional intelligence predicts job performance as robustly as cognitive ability does (Goleman, 1995). The majority of previous research on the relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance has examined emotional intelligence as an individual difference construct that acts as a direct determinant of job performance (e.g. Carmeli & Josman, 2006). However, research has suggested job-relevant knowledge and skill are direct determinants of job performance and that individual differences in abilities and traits are antecedents of job knowledge (Campbell, Gasser, & Oswald, 1996; Motowidlo, Borman, & Schmit, 1997). Consequently, according to this rationale, emotional intelligence may only affect job performance through its effect on knowledge. This investigation examined whether prosocial knowledge mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and prosocial skill in role-play simulations of service encounters in medicine using a sample of 199 undergraduate students. Secondary purposes were to replicate results from earlier work demonstrating personality traits affect skill primarily through their effects on knowledge and to explore the construct and predictive validity of job knowledge further. Individual tests of hypotheses were conducted and the overall pattern of relations among study variables is summarized by a path analytic model. Analyses revealed that prosocial knowledge measured by a single-response situational judgment test mediated the effects of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotion management on prosocial skill displayed in role-play simulations. Emotion understanding was causally related to emotion management as theorized by hierarchical models of emotional intelligence (Joseph & Newman, 2010), but unexpectedly, emotional stability was not. Results clarify the role of emotional intelligence as a distal antecedent of job performance rather than a more proximal performance determinant.Item Predicting Professional and Technical Performance among Medical Students: Personality, Cognitive Ability, and the Mediating Role of Knowledge(2012) Kell, Harrison J.; Motowidlo, Stephan J.The distinction between technical and contextual performance is widely recognized in the Industrial/Organization Psychology literature (Sackett & Lievens, 2008). Less well-understood are the causal antecedents of performance in these domains and how those antecedents relate to each other. Motowidlo, Borman, and Schmit (1997) proposed that technical performance is determined largely by cognitive ability, which acts through the mediator technical knowledge to influence technical performance. They also proposed that contextual performance is mainly determined by personality traits and that these traits influence contextual performance via the mediating variable contextual knowledge. Although prior research has examined some of the causal antecedents proposed by Motowidlo et al. (1997), no study has examined these four variables simultaneously, in addition to gathering information about performance criteria in the two domains. This study examined these six variables in a sample of medical students. In keeping with the verbiage used in the medical literature, students' contextual knowledge is referred to as professional knowledge and their contextual performance is referred to as professional performance. Medical students (N = 209) beginning their third year at the University of Texas Medical School at Houston completed measures of professional knowledge and the Big Five personality traits and consented to have their MCAT scores (a proxy for cognitive ability) and their first- and second-year course grades (grade point average; a measure of their technical knowledge) gathered for this investigation. Performance criteria consisted of attending physicians' ratings of students' professional and technical performance during their clinical rotations. Rotations were grouped according to whether they fell into the domain of Primary Care or the Specialties. Notable findings are summarized by a path analytic model. Agreeableness exerted a causal influence on professional knowledge (β = .38) and Primary Care professional performance (β = .14). Extraversion causally affected professional knowledge (β = -.22). Professional knowledge accounted for variance in Primary Care professional (β = .19) and technical performance (β = .22). Openness to experience and conscientiousness influenced technical knowledge (β's -.19 and .25). Cognitive ability was directly related to technical knowledge (β = .43) and Specialties professional (β = -.21) and technical performance (β = -.19). Technical knowledge was related to Primary Care professional (β = .32) and technical performance (β = .42) and also Specialties professional (β = .46) and technical performance (β = .57). Results generally suggest that separate causal paths underlie performance in Primary Care and the Specialties, respectively.Item Prosocial knowledge mediates effects of agreeableness and emotional intelligence on prosocial behavior(Elsevier, 2016) Martin-Raugh, Michelle P.; Kell, Harrison J.; Motowidlo, Stephan J.We present two studies that replicate and extend predictions made by implicit trait policy theory about the association between basic traits, knowledge, and behavior. Study 1 examined relations between personality traits, prosocial knowledge, and performance in a role-play casting participants (N = 102) as a physician dealing with challenging interpersonal situations. Study 2 (N = 197) replicated and extended these findings to include emotional intelligence (EI). In both studies, participants with higher prosocial knowledge scores behaved more prosocially. Mediation analyses suggest the relationship between individual differences, such as agreeableness and EI, and prosocial behavior is mediated by prosocial knowledge. Findings suggest basic traits influence prosocial behavior indirectly, through the acquisition of knowledge about how to behave in interpersonally challenging situations.Item The Generalizability of Knowledge as Measured by a Single-Response Situational Judgment Test Across Domains(2011) Martin, Michelle P.; Motowidlo, Stephan J.The current investigation examined the consistency of two different types of procedural knowledge as measured by a single-response Situational Judgment Test (SJT) across three different professions, including those of a physician, volunteer, and human factors professional (HFP). The first of these types of knowledge refers to Implicit Trait Policies (ITPs), which represent general procedural knowledge as measured by an SJT and have been shown to account for variance in job performance (Motowidlo & Beier, 2009). The second class of knowledge involves a bifurcation of the knowledge construct into knowledge about effective and ineffective interpersonal interactions at work. Undergraduates ( N = 152) completed a personality measure and an abbreviated version of three single-response SJTs created for medical students, volunteers, and FIFPs. Results suggest that there is moderate consistency in knowledge about effective and ineffective behavior across different jobs and that each type of knowledge is differentially related to personality traits.