R-3 Repository :: Browsing by Author "Lear, Floyd S."

Browsing by Author "Lear, Floyd S."

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Conversations on International Affairs
(Rice University, 1959-01) Toynbee, Arnold J.; Houston, W. V.; Tsanoff, R. A.; Lear, Floyd S.; Electronic version made possible with funding from the Rice Historical Society and Thomas R. Williams, Ph.D., class of 2000.
Improvisation, adaptation and innovation: the handling of wounded in the Civil War
(1975) Mitchell, Ralph Molyneux; Lear, Floyd S.
Critics of Civil War medical practices tend to isolate them from all other aspects of the war and evaluate them against twentieth century standards. This results in a distorted picture of successes and failures. Only when viewed in proper historical perspective and evaluated as components of vastly different logistics systems can the Confederate and Union Medical Departments be judged properly. Efforts by the Confederacy to support its army were hampered by shortages of capital, labor, food, supplies and transportation. These shortages kept its logistics system in the embryonic stages of development throughout the war. The Union, on the other hand, was able to support its army for exactly the opposite reasons. An abundance of capital, labor and raw materials combined with an excellent transportation network and a strong industrial base to insure the success of Union logistics and, in a war of attrition, to guarantee victory. Reflecting the poverty of its logistics system, the Confederate Medical Department, under the strong leadership of Samuel Preston Moore, managed not only to survive four years, but to acquit itself admirably on many battlefields. To care for the wounded, surgeons relied on their abilities to improvise and adapt. Such skills, early learned and often used, carried them through periods of total logistical failure. There were never established in the South medical supply, ambulance and field hospital systems with a statutory basis. Only in its system of general hospitals did the Medical Department achieve any degree of standardization and efficiency. Beyond that, its accomplishments fit in well with the overall accomplishment of the Confederacy -- that of conducting an improvised war throughout. In stark contrast to the struggles of Confederate surgeons was the ease with which Union surgeons handled their wounded. Under innovative men like William A. Hammond and Jonathan Letterman, medical supply, ambulance and field and general hospital systems were established and standardized within the Union Army. Medical officers in the North were also capable of improvising and adapting to a countless variety of situations, but after 1863 there was little need for improvisation. More time could be spent refining a medical system already receiving world acclaim. Under the aegis of a sound logistics system, Union surgeons saw innovation become routine. No one will deny that the wounded on both sides suffered terribly. Despite the primitive state of the art, practices, which by today's standards seem barbaric, were saving men's lives. The mortality rate of wounded soldiers was less than that of any previous conflict. Had aseptic and antiseptic procedures been known to Civil War surgeons, countless more lives could have been saved. Discovery of those techniques, however, would belong to the post-war generation. Still, the medical triumphs of the Civil War should not be overlooked. For the first time in a war medical and surgical activities were systematically reported and analyzed. Major advances were made in dentistry, nursing and pharmacy. Military health lessons learned during the war gave impetus to the public health movement, and innovations in hospital design and construction were also introduced. Surgeons took the lifesaving surgical skills learned in battle into civil practice where,as leaders in the medical field, they, made major contributions to American medicine for the next half century. From a military standpoint, Civil War medical contributions had far-reaching effects. Letterman's field hospital and ambulance systems led to improved methods in caring for the sick and wounded in armies throughout the world and remained basically unchanged in the United States Army until after World War II.
Northwest architecture 1843-1893
(1960) Robinson, Willard B; Todd, Anderson; De Zurko, Edward R.; Lear, Floyd S.
Pagan and Christian demonology of the ante-Nicene period
(1972) Walzel, Diana Lynn; Lear, Floyd S.
The idea of progress has become one of the central concepts of western civilization; but in the ante-Nicene period, this idea, with its inherent optimism, was little known. The universe was controlled by supernatural forces which were often working against man. Fate and the stars controlled the lives of men, but controlling the stars were demons. These pages review pagan and Christian demonology from Plato to Iamblichus. During these centuries, there were variations among the pagans in the concept of the function and nature of demons; but the answers to the three main philosophic questions implicit in demonology -- the problem of evil, the problem of unity and diversity, and the relationship of the soul to a higher sphere -- remained remarkably the same. Christianity, because of a different view of the universe, answered these questions in a different way. The early Christians, from Paul to Lactantius, proclaimed victory over the demonic forces which held the pagan world in fear. By the cross of Jesus Christ, the power of the demonic forces which had enslaved men was broken. The major battle against the forces of evil had been won; and the cross was a positive token that ultimately a kingdom would be established in which demons had no power. Among the Christians, the despair of the pagan world was replaced by an eschatological hope.
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The Hoover administration according to editorial opinion in Houston newspapers, 1928-1933
(1948) McCall, Mildred; Lear, Floyd S.; Craig, Hardin
My purpose In this thesis is to study the English Books of Common Prayer of 1549, 1552, and 1559 in their historical setting, in an effort to see the reasons for their creation, to determine the extent of their Catholic validity and to probe the question of their legality. Such an inquiry is historically significant in view of the very large part played in English history by the Church and her standards. It is almost a truism, but one worth repeating, that in order to understand English history it is essential to understand also the formation of England's ecclesiastical establishment.
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"The Phantastick air": the idea of the praeternatural in colonial New England
(1964) Jacob, James R. (James Randall), 1940-; Lear, Floyd S.
This essay tries to show that belief in Witchcraft in seventeenth-century New England was not so much an aberration as it was a product of mind and hence an integral part of culture. The focus of attention, then, is on the theoretical foundation of the belief in demons and witches. The first chapter examines the Scholastic basis of demonology, namely, the Aristotelian idea that motion is the product of the relationship between mover and moved. This distinction batmen mover and moved made it possible for Scholastic and later, Puritan demonologists to explain how a demon -- a spirit and hence a mover -- produce effects on the material world and the human body--the things moved. The next chapter treats of the peculiarly Puritan contribution to demonology, the providential idea of nature. The Puritans believed that God enforced his judgments on the chosen people for their sins by sending natural disasters to punish them. One of these punishments, however, was not strictly natural -- namely the destruction that God allowed the devils to work. It was instead praeternatural. The demons worked, not above nature as God would nor according to nature, but rather above the ordinary course thereof. Thus the Puritans could say that although the operations of evil spirits were invisible and for the most part beyond human comprehension, they were nonetheless real and providential. The operation of the demon on the human being required an elaborate theoretical explanation. The devil could not possess the rational soul, for that contained the divine spark. But such possession brought mental distress as well as physical agony. Thus such possession had to be in sane sense mental. Puritans such as Cotton Mather and Charles Morton built an explanation. The human personality contained not just body and soul, but body, spirit, and soul. Mather and Morton borrowed this idea of the spirit of Man from the philosophical medicine of Paracelsus and van Helmont, who had used it to explain bow each man's reaction to disease and treatment was unique. Mather and Morton extended the meaning of spirit. It became the constituent in man particularly susceptible of and responsive to diabolical or praeternatural influences. The faculty of imagination became the seat of the spirit of men. By working on the animal spirits in the imagination that flowed to other parts of the body, the devil could produce his torments. The relation between the etch and the devil also required an elaborate theory for its explanation, and the New-England divine borrowed much on this score from their contemporaries in England, the Cambridge Platonist, Henry More, and his associate Joseph Glanvil. This relation of witch to demon hinged again on a correspondence between the internal power of imagination over the spirit of man and the external power of the demon. In this way the seventeenth-century demonologists conceived a praeternatural universe, and Morton could say that "the Phantastic Air, ...Huddles, and is precipitant in all things."
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The political and religious thought of Gerrard Winstanley
(1961) McGrath, William; Nelson, W. H.; Lear, Floyd S.
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The Ripuarian code; a translation with introduction
(1958) Barefield, James Pierce, 1934-; Lear, Floyd S.
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The Visigothic code (book II on justice); translation and analysis
(1961) Ewton, Ralph Waldo; Lear, Floyd S.
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The Visigothic Code (Book VI): translation and analysis
(1969) Wilhelmsen, Alexandra; Lear, Floyd S.
This thesis deals with Visigothic criminal law. It is concerned, specifically, with Book VI of the original version of the last Visigothic law code, the Leges Visigothorum, promulgated in Spain by King Receswinth in the year 654. As the title suggests, the thesis is divided into two distinct parts: a translation and a commentary. Although the Leges Visigothorum was the last official law code in the Visigothic Kingdom, it underwent many changes before the Arab invasion of Spain in the eighth century. There is one English translation of the last version of the code, the Forum Iudicum. It was prepared by S. P. Scott and published in 1910 as The Visigothic Code. Unfortunately, there are no English translations of the code in its original form, the Liber Iudiciorum. In this thesis I have translated one of the twelve books of the Liber. Book VI contains fifty-one laws. It is titled De Isceleribus et Tormentiis ("Crimes and Tortures"). It has five chapters: I) "Accusation;" II) "Concerning Sorcerers, Those Consulting Them and concerning Poisoners;" III) "Abortion;" IV) "Wounds and mutilations," and V) "Murders and Deaths of Men." The commentary in the thesis is composed of four chapters. The first one is introductory. It establishes the Leges Visigothorum within the whole corpus of Visigothic law, and outlines the contents of the code. The second chapter discusses the role of punishment in the Visigothic Code. It devotes special attention to decalvation, and points out the different views concerning its nature: shaving the head versus scalping. Chapter III is the most important of the chapters in the thesis. It attempts to present the two general schools of thought concerning the application of Visigothic law, and then it relates the discussion to Book VI by analyzing the laws in the book that have entered the controversy. The Germanist school believes Visigothic law followed Germanic custom and was personal. In this case the Visigoths would have been ruled by one legal system and the Hispano-Romans by another. The Romanist scholars prefer to think it followed Roman tradition and was territorial law. If such had been the case, it would have been the only law in the land, it would have been applicable to all subjects alike and would have united the two peoples. The last chapter is dedicated to the Latin text. The first part of the chapter deals with the differences in Book VI between the Liber Iudiciorum and the Forum Iudicum. The second part speaks of the didactic style in the Leges Visigothorum, which is very different from the short and direct style of most of the leges barbarorim. The text followed for the thesis is Karl Zeumer's critical edition of the Loges Visigothorum. In this edition he presents the code as it developed historically. It was published in 1902 in the section of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica entitled Legum Nationum Germanicarum.
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The Venetian crystal workers' gild in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
(1975) Romano, Dennis (b. 1951); Lear, Floyd S.; DiCorcia, Joseph N.; Drew, Katherine F.; Helden, Albert Van
The Venetian crystal workers' gild produced various objects in rock crystal ranging from reliquary crosses to eyeglasses and false gems. Although a highly regarded trade, the crystal workers' gild was politically and economically subordinate to Venice's patrician government. The gild was required to register its capitularies or official statutes with the Old Justices. These capitularies, dated 1284 and 1319, which were edited and published by Giovanni Mbnticolo for the Fonti per la Storia d'Italia, form the basis for this social history of the gild in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Recognizing the limitations of official statutes as sources, this study examines the gild against the larger background of gild history in Venice and medieval Europe. The organization of the gild is viewed as appropriate to the industrial needs of the craft, including the contention that the suprastantes or officers of the gild provided collective leadership. In addition, there is a detailed analysis of the gild's attempts to limit competition among gildsmen by limiting entrance, to the gild and by regulating the distribution of raw materials. Using the twelfth-century treatise De Diversis Artibus, the techniques of production are analysed. This evidence and the written evidence from the capitularies are compared with rock crystal objects found in European churches and museums. Special attention is devoted to the conflict which developed between the crystal workers and the glassmakers of Venice over the production of objects in rock crystal and glass. The crystal workers at first met innovations in glassmaking with hostility, but they eventually accepted glass as a suitable material for certain objects. This study concludes that the Venetian crystal workers' gild was in many ways a typical medieval gild. The crystal workers pursued a policy designed to limits internal competition and designed to limit encroachment from outside the gild. A translation of the capitularies is included as an appendix.

Browsing by Author "Lear, Floyd S."

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