Browsing by Author "Cho, Raymond"

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    EMvelop stimulation: minimally invasive deep brain stimulation using temporally interfering electromagnetic waves
    (IOP Publishing, 2022) Ahsan, Fatima; Chi, Taiyun; Cho, Raymond; Sheth, Sameer A.; Goodman, Wayne; Aazhang, Behnaam
    Objective. Recently, the temporal interference stimulation (TIS) technique for focal noninvasive deep brain stimulation (DBS) was reported. However, subsequent computational modeling studies on the human brain have shown that while TIS achieves higher focality of electric fields than state-of-the-art methods, further work is needed to improve the stimulation strength. Here, we investigate the idea of EMvelop stimulation, a minimally invasive DBS setup using temporally interfering gigahertz (GHz) electromagnetic (EM) waves. At GHz frequencies, we can create antenna arrays at the scale of a few centimeters or less that can be endocranially implanted to enable longitudinal stimulation and circumvent signal attenuation due to the scalp and skull. Furthermore, owing to the small wavelength of GHz EM waves, we can optimize both amplitudes and phases of the EM waves to achieve high intensity and focal stimulation at targeted regions within the safety limit for exposure to EM waves. Approach. We develop a simulation framework investigating the propagation of GHz EM waves generated by line current antenna elements and the corresponding heat generated in the brain tissue. We propose two optimization flows to identify antenna current amplitudes and phases for either maximal intensity or maximal focality transmission of the interfering electric fields with EM waves safety constraint. Main results. A representative result of our study is that with two endocranially implanted arrays of size × each, we can achieve an intensity of 12 V m−1 with a focality of at a target deep in the brain tissue. Significance. In this proof-of-principle study, we show that the idea of EMvelop stimulation merits further investigation as it can be a minimally invasive way of stimulating deep brain targets and offers benefits not shared by prior methodologies of electrical or magnetic stimulation.