Browsing by Author "Chang, Yu-Hsuan A."

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    Generalizing across stimuli as well as subjects: A non-mathematical tutorial on mixed-effects modelsﾠ
    (The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 2016) Chang, Yu-Hsuan A.; Lane, David M.
    Although it has long been known that analyses that treat stimuli as a fixed effect do not permit generalization from the sample of stimuli to the population of stimuli, surprisingly little attention has been paid to this issue outside of the field of psycholinguistics. The purposes of the article are (a) to present a non-technical explanation of why it is critical to provide a statistical basis for generalizing to both the population subjects and the population of stimuli and (b) to provide instructions for doing analyses that allows this generalization using four common statistical analysis programs (JMP, R, SAS, and SPSS).
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    There Is Time for Calculation in Speed Chess, and Calculation Accuracy Increases With Expertise
    (University of Illinois Press, 2016) Chang, Yu-Hsuan A.; Lane, David M.
    The recognition–action theory of chess skill holds that expertise in chess is due primarily to the ability to recognize familiar patterns of pieces. despite its widespread acclaim, empirical evidence for this theory is indirect. one source of indirect evidence is that there is a high correlation between speed chess and standard chess. Assuming that there is little or no time for calculation in speed chess, this high correlation implies that calculation is not the primary factor in standard chess. two studies were conducted analyzing 100 games of speed chess. in study 1, we examined the distributions of move times, and the key finding was that players often spent considerable time on a few moves. Moreover, stronger players were more likely than weaker players to do so. study 2 examined skill differences in calculation by examining poor moves. the stronger players made proportionally fewer blunders (moves that a 2-ply search would have revealed to be errors). overall, the poor moves made by the weaker players would have required a less extensive search to be revealed as poor moves than the poor moves made by the stronger players. Apparently, the stronger players are searching deeper and more accurately. these results are difficult to reconcile with the view that speed chess does not allow players time to calculate extensively and call into question the assertion that the high correlation between speed chess and standard chess supports recognition–action theory.