Landes, Christy F2019-05-162019-05-162019-052018-12-18May 2019Wang, Wenxiao. "Phase modulation in super-resolution microscopy." (2018) Diss., Rice University. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1911/105357">https://hdl.handle.net/1911/105357</a>.https://hdl.handle.net/1911/105357Phase modulation attracts arising attention in super-resolution studies because of the convenience and efficiency in encoding the information. Current super-resolution microscopy typically achieves high spatial resolution, but the temporal resolution remains low and obstructs most physical and chemical studies. Based on phase modulation, the novel technique Super Temporal-Resolved Microscopy is proposed to compress time information and thus improve the temporal resolution of 2D super-resolution microscopy. The fundamental basis for STReM is the utilization of a double helix phase mask that is rotated at fast speed to encode temporal information in the Fourier domain. Complicated movement can be also dissolved and reconstructed through an L1 norm constrained optimization process. STReM has been verified using both simulated and experimental 2D data and the temporal resolution is improved 20 times when comparing traditional methods to that of the novel method of STReM presented in this thesis. Besides the application to boost the temporal resolution, phase modulation is also applied to extract depth information in super-resolution microscopy. Most physical and chemical processes occur in 3D space and the underlying mechanism is usually unavailable or misleading due to the poor depth detection ability. Recently, phase modulation is reported as a promising solution to 3D imaging in super-resolution microscopy. Various functions have been achieved through phase modulation such as improving the axial spatial localization precision and expanding the axial detection range. However, a current challenge is the lack of a robust and efficient algorithm to design a phase mask for arbitrary desired point spread function patterns in 3D continuous space. In this thesis the phase mask design algorithm is proposed using a phase retrieval scheme. Multiple algorithms were studied and compared for solving the phase retrieval, including Gerchberg Saxton, stochastic gradient decent, and Gauss-Newton methods. The Gauss-Newton method is proved to be the best by reaching the minima of the phase retrieval optimization. Several phase mask patterns for 3D super-resolution microscopy are proposed, and their corresponding PM patterns are successfully designed and experimentally fabricated with light lithography. Finally, by combining both depth and time modulations, phase modulation is proposed to encode the information simultaneously in 4D space, which will definitely benefit super-resolution studies in the future.application/pdfengCopyright is held by the author, unless otherwise indicated. Permission to reuse, publish, or reproduce the work beyond the bounds of fair use or other exemptions to copyright law must be obtained from the copyright holder.Phase modulationsuper-resolution microscopyThesis2019-05-16