Hou, HuayuCarns, JenniferSchwarz, Richard A.Gillenwater, Ann M.Anandasabapathy, SharmilaRichards-Kortum, Rebecca R.2024-11-042024-11-042024Hou, H., Carns, J., Schwarz, R. A., Gillenwater, A. M., Anandasabapathy, S., & Richards-Kortum, R. R. (2024). Use of topical methylene blue to image nuclear morphometry with a low-cost scanning darkfield microendoscope. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 29(5), 050501. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.5.050501https://hdl.handle.net/1911/117970SignificanceFiber-optic microendoscopy is a promising approach to noninvasively visualize epithelial nuclear morphometry for early cancer and precancer detection. However, the broader clinical application of this approach is limited by a lack of topical contrast agents available for in vivo use.AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the ability to image nuclear morphometry in vivo with a novel fiber-optic microendoscope used together with topical application of methylene blue (MB), a dye with FDA approval for use in chromoendoscopy in the gastrointestinal tract.ApproachThe low-cost, high-resolution microendoscope implements scanning darkfield imaging without complex optomechanical components by leveraging programmable illumination and the rolling shutter of the image sensor. We validate the integration of our system and MB staining for visualizing epithelial cell nuclei by performing ex vivo imaging on fresh animal specimens and in vivo imaging on healthy volunteers.ResultsThe results indicate that scanning darkfield imaging significantly reduces specular reflection and resolves epithelial nuclei with enhanced image contrast and spatial resolution compared to non-scanning widefield imaging. The image quality of darkfield images with MB staining is comparable to that of fluorescence images with proflavine staining.ConclusionsOur approach enables real-time microscopic evaluation of nuclear patterns and has the potential to be a powerful noninvasive tool for early cancer detection.engExcept where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Permission to reuse, publish, or reproduce the work beyond the terms of the license or beyond the bounds of fair use or other exemptions to copyright law must be obtained from the copyright holder.Journal article050501_1https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.5.050501